{"id":2412,"date":"2026-10-11T15:06:11","date_gmt":"2026-10-11T15:06:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/?p=2412"},"modified":"2026-10-11T15:06:13","modified_gmt":"2026-10-11T15:06:13","slug":"thu-tim-hieu-he-thong-bau-cu-hoa-ky-tu-lien-bang-tieu-bang-den-dia-phuong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/thu-tim-hieu-he-thong-bau-cu-hoa-ky-tu-lien-bang-tieu-bang-den-dia-phuong\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1eed t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb Li\u00ean bang, Ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"
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B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 C\u1eed tri \u0111o\u00e0n Hoa K\u1ef3<\/strong>. S\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 cho m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7c khu Columbia (Washington, D.C.) theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0110i\u1ec1u tra D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2020, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2024 v\u00e0 2028. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 538 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri; m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 270 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ph\u1ea7n I. L\u00e1 Phi\u1ebfu T\u1eeb T\u00f2a B\u1ea1ch \u1ed0c \u0110\u1ebfn Khu Ph\u1ed1 C\u1ee7a Ch\u00fang Ta<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

M\u1ed7i b\u1ed1n n\u0103m, khi Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo d\u00f5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Pennsylvania, Michigan, Georgia, Arizona; t\u00ednh t\u1eebng phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri v\u00e0 ch\u1edd k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn khuya.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201c\u0111i b\u1ea7u\u201d \u1edf M\u1ef9, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ea1i T\u00f2a B\u1ea1ch \u1ed0c hay Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u1edf Washington. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con em ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, thu\u1ebf nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, khu \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p x\u00e2y chung c\u01b0, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf th\u00eam hay kh\u00f4ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra sao, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i. V\u00e0 v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia, l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a li\u00ean bang<\/em><\/strong>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb Washington.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ba c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac: ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean bang<\/strong> (Federal Government), ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ti\u1ec3u bang<\/strong> (State Government), v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong> (Local Government).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u0169ng b\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp trung. \u1ede M\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, hai Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 li\u00ean bang, m\u1ed9t D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u li\u00ean bang, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ti\u1ec3u bang, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec3u bang, r\u1ed3i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hay h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1eadn, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu \u1edf m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec3u bang, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ri\u00eang. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ra r\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n: lu\u1eadt ti\u1ec3u bang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, trong khi lu\u1eadt li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n 10.000 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Hoa K\u1ef3. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, qu\u1eadn (county) t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed; n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (city) ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n (town).<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00eda sau s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ea5p Li\u00ean bang: T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u1ede c\u1ea5p Li\u00ean bang, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u b\u1ed1n n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. L\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1eed Tri \u0110o\u00e0n (Electoral College)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 538 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri. M\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 270 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 v\u00e0 D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u li\u00ean bang c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00f3; Washington, D.C. c\u00f3 ba. Trong 48 ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 Washington, D.C., \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean th\u1eafng s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trong ti\u1ec3u bang th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang; Maine v\u00e0 Nebraska s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u1ed3m hai vi\u1ec7n: H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n (House of Representatives)<\/strong>, v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n (Senate).<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n<\/strong> hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 435 d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft. M\u1ed7i d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 hai n\u0103m. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ee9 hai n\u0103m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 435 gh\u1ebf H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n<\/strong> c\u00f3 100 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 l\u00e0 s\u00e1u n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp xen k\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i hai n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 <\/strong>(midterm election). <\/strong>T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eed tri<\/strong>. V\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt li\u00ean bang, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o n\u0103m c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecf qua midterm th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf Washington. <\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft t\u00ean T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec3u bang. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo d\u00f5i r\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa hai \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh c\u1eed v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1eadn hay h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u00edt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u khi l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ea5p Ti\u1ec3u bang: m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

M\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang, v\u1edbi hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang: m\u1ed9t Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea7u \u1edf ti\u1ec3u bang n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u1edf ti\u1ec3u bang kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c, Ph\u00f3 Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c, Attorney General, Secretary of State, d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c t\u00f9y n\u01a1i. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u bang, c\u1eed tri c\u00f2n tham gia b\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1eed tri t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00f2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd<\/strong> (ballot measures)<\/strong>, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ec3u bang quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, giao th\u00f4ng, lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, thu\u1ebf ti\u1ec3u bang, lu\u1eadt lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea7u c\u1eed<\/strong> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0169ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn do ti\u1ec3u bang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd<\/em> (voter registration) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Khi n\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u1edbm<\/em> (early voting)? C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u khi\u1ebfm di\u1ec7n<\/em> (absentee voting) n\u00e0o? B\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9<\/em> (primary voting) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o? C\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb b\u1ea7u c\u1eed?<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y ti\u1ec3u bang. Ch\u00ednh U.S. Election Assistance Commission c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed M\u1ef9 mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 v\u00e0\u00a0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 Washington \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u201cch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5p \u0110\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Xu\u1ed1ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y ti\u1ec3u bang: Qu\u1eadn (county), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (city), th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n (town), \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e1nh ch\u00e1nh (township), \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb (municipality), khu h\u1ecdc ch\u00e1nh (school district) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh (special district) kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n d\u1ec5 xem nh\u1eb9 l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo d\u00f5i. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (city council) ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc ch\u00e1nh (school board) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00e1 l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd. C\u00f3 khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y th\u1eed nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ed9t khu \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 \u1edf hay m\u1ed9t khu th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i? Thu\u1ebf nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd t\u0103ng hay gi\u1ea3m? Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y hay kh\u00f4ng? Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng? C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa v\u00e0 emergency services \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o? Xe bu\u00fdt v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng? Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng?<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1edf g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

Theo USAGov m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1eadn ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n (Board of Supervisors ho\u1eb7c County Commission) quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng\/khu v\u1ef1c (zoning), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t (land use), m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng\u201d b\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn sai b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e0ng l\u00ean c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia, cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eed tri r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

C\u00e0ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00e0ng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 c\u1eed tri th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00edt sao, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u0169ng ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n. G\u1eedi m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ng\u1ed3i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1eadn hay school board c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ngay trong khu ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f4i khi d\u00e0i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng. Tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ec1u, c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u1edf Washington, v\u1eeba ch\u1ecdn vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ec3u bang, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi Yes ho\u1eb7c No cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadt hay s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. \u0110i b\u1ea7u v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y.<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 (primary election) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9<\/strong> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u00ecnh trong general election. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: c\u00f3 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c open primary, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i closed primary, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u1edf gi\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eed tri ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u00e1ng 11. Nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng v\u00f2ng b\u1ea7u s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t cao th\u1eafng lu\u00f4n cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1ecfi: \u201cTh\u00e1ng 11 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1ea7u cho ai?\u201d M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tham gia \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft: \u1ede \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4i, cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u00e0o \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh?<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau trong n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng suy ngh\u0129 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u1ea7u<\/strong>, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, ti\u1ec3u bang hay \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u1edf nh\u00e0. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111i b\u1ea7u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u1ea1t g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do g\u1eb7p tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao cho ch\u00fang ta quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00f2ng phi\u1ebfu, in l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu, tuy\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed (election officers), ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o nh\u00e0, c\u1ea7m tay ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/strong>. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: Ch\u00fang ta b\u1ea7u \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai qu\u1ea3n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p.<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed7i vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00e0 m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed trao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ai s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng thay m\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ed1n n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng r\u1ed3i quay l\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trao cho m\u00ecnh. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y, l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00f3i: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. V\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd thay m\u1eb7t t\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00f3.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m: D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb T\u00f2a B\u1ea1ch \u1ed0c. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Donald J. Trump ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp chung c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3, ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2025, t\u1ea1i Ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c \u0110i\u1ec7n Capitol \u1edf Washington, D.C. (Official White House Photo by Daniel Torok) <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ph\u1ea7n II. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eed tri, hai k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

V\u00ec sao H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i hai \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau<\/strong><\/h3>\n

H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 Ba th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t. C\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng phi\u1ebfu \u1ea5y, c\u1ea7m c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu, trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1eady m\u00e0 khi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m xong, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng kia\u00a0 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 trong khi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00fac nh\u00edch. V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nghe nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c. N\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao, ta c\u1ea7n th\u00e1o r\u1eddi c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ra th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn: th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang, hai c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n\u201d kh\u00e1c nhau, chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed M\u1ef9 th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p chung m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u201ch\u1ed7n <\/strong>h\u1ee3p<\/strong>\u201d: hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u h\u1ecdp \u1edf Philadelphia m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1787, h\u1ecd m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, m\u1ed7i bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i? C\u00e1c bang \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n chia gh\u1ebf theo d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c bang nh\u1ecf s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng, \u0111\u00f2i m\u1ed7i bang m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ngang nhau.<\/p>\n

L\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nay ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p Connecticut (hay \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p). Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd g\u1ed3m hai vi\u1ec7n: H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n chia gh\u1ebf theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ec3 bang \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf h\u01a1n bang nh\u1ecf; c\u00f2n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u1ed7i bang b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang hai th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129. Th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1edd h\u01a1n \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4 khan. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u201cnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d l\u00e0 ai. Trong t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng The Federalist (Lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean bang) s\u1ed1 62, James Madison gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, mang c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1eabn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean bang, n\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc. H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfu<\/em>; c\u00f2n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u1ed9t bang, m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfu<\/em>. S\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u1ea5y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang (federalism): quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ed3n h\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang. H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 ngh\u0129 g\u00ec?\u201d Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n: \u201cC\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, ngh\u0129 g\u00ec?\u201d Nh\u01b0 Ch\u00e1nh \u00e1n Warren Burger v\u1ec1 sau t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, vi\u1ec7n kia \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c bang.<\/p>\n

Khi hai vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f4i khi cho ra hai c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Hai t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3: \u0111\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay \u0111\u1ebfm bang?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\"\"H\u00e3y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1. H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 435 gh\u1ebf, chia cho c\u00e1c bang theo d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. California, v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 52 d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u; Wyoming, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1. \u1ede H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t c\u1eed tri California v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eed tri Wyoming c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1edfi gh\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc sang Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. California c\u00f3 2 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129. Wyoming c\u0169ng c\u00f3 2. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eed tri Wyoming \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00ean g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1eed tri California, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec lu\u1eadt thi\u00ean v\u1ecb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfm \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 bang, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc: m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u1eed tri t\u1eadp trung \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u1edf H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n, trong khi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh tr\u1ea3i m\u1ecfng qua nhi\u1ec1u bang th\u01b0a d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i c\u1eed tri to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfm, \u0111\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay \u0111\u1ebfm bang, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Hai vi\u1ec7n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng hai chi\u1ebfc k\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3: c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba vi\u1ec7n kia<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn hay b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 435 gh\u1ebf H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i hai n\u0103m; c\u00f2n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, do th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 s\u00e1u n\u0103m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u trong m\u1ed7i k\u1ef3. M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba \u201cl\u1edbp\u201d so le nhau, n\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng 33 ho\u1eb7c 34 gh\u1ebf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u1ede H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed7i k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201ckh\u00e1m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe\u201d to\u00e0n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1eed tri to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, c\u1ea3 435 gh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u01a1i ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. \u1ede Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1edd bang n\u00e0o t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3t trong n\u0103m \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1n n\u0103m nay t\u00ecnh c\u1edd n\u1eb1m \u1edf nh\u1eefng bang v\u1ed1n nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng, th\u00ec d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang c\u00f3 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt th\u1ebf c\u1edd.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n \u0111o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ba th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba b\u1ea7u n\u0103m nay, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba b\u1ea7u hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba b\u1ea7u b\u1ed1n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh gh\u00e9p c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1eadm. Ch\u00fang l\u1ec7ch pha nhau, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch pha \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e0i v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u00fd, \u0111\u1ec3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh h\u01a1n, \u00edt b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n theo c\u01a1n n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a b\u1ea7u c\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Ai th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng phi\u1ebfu: b\u00e0i to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111i b\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd ta v\u1eabn n\u00f3i \u201cc\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eed tri\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed1i \u1ea5y co gi\u00e3n t\u00f9y n\u0103m , v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0.<\/p>\n

\u1ede M\u1ef9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai lo\u1ea1i n\u0103m b\u1ea7u c\u1eed: n\u0103m b\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 n\u0103m \u201cgi\u1eefa k\u1ef3\u201d (midterm) r\u01a1i v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i n\u0103m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1980, c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111i b\u1ea7u trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 63%, trong khi c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 48%. Trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee9 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb n\u0103m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng sang n\u0103m gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i ch\u1eebng 15 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u1ed9 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng: k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3 2018 \u0111\u1ea1t 50,3%, k\u1ef3 2022 \u0111\u1ea1t 46,4%, c\u00f2n k\u1ef3 2014 ch\u1ec9 36,4%, m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ai \u0111i b\u1ea7u. Kh\u1ed1i c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00e0 h\u01a1n, \u00edt \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n, h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a n\u0103m b\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng; c\u1eed tri d\u01b0\u1edbi 30 tu\u1ed5i, c\u1eed tri da \u0111en v\u00e0 c\u1eed tri g\u1ed1c Latinh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i b\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3. Khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1eed tri tr\u1ebb \u1edf nh\u00e0, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c \u0111i. V\u00e0 khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1eed tri kh\u00e1c \u0111i th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho ra c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c \u0111i.<\/p>\n

Gh\u00e9p chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u1edf tr\u00ean, ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tinh vi: b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i c\u1eed tri h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, gi\u00e0 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i h\u01a1n, trong khi nh\u1eefng gh\u1ebf H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1eed tri tr\u1ebb v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u201cc\u1eed tri\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u201cc\u1eed tri\u201d c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, m\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb xa, l\u00e0: n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed g\u1ecdi g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3\u201d th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 435 cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n \u1edf 435 khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi 33\u201334 cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u1edf t\u1eebng bang, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u gh\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn gh\u1ebf l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 di\u1ec5n ra song song.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean ri\u00eang, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ri\u00eang: m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0 \u1edf h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u1edf h\u1ea1t kia, m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00ea b\u1ed1i. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c\u201d m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang quay l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u1edf kh\u00e2u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c: Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p (\u0110i\u1ec1u I, Kho\u1ea3n 4) trao cho c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang quy\u1ec1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cth\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c\u201d b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c bang, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan trung \u01b0\u01a1ng duy nh\u1ea5t, in phi\u1ebfu, m\u1edf ph\u00f2ng phi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ebfm phi\u1ebfu. N\u00ean \u201ck\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed M\u1ef9\u201d l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1edfi n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Khi ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ban \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 tan bi\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng hai th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o kh\u00e1c nhau (\u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u bang), tr\u00ean hai chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nhau (to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n), b\u1edfi hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1eed tri kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng kh\u00edt th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c hai vi\u1ec7n cho ra hai k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft: s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y tr\u01a1n tru ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu t\u1ee9c th\u00ec m\u1ecdi c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 ma s\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y bu\u1ed9c \u201c\u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bang\u201d ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt. Trong The Federalist s\u1ed1 62, Madison xem vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi hai c\u01a1 quan ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u0103ng th\u00eam cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tham v\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 phe n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean, khi ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i c\u1eed tri M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1edf H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. Ta \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m: tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1eb1ng hai gi\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau, trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 Quang<\/span><\/h2>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/p>\n