{"id":2401,"date":"2026-10-11T13:00:36","date_gmt":"2026-10-11T13:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/?p=2401"},"modified":"2026-10-11T13:02:09","modified_gmt":"2026-10-11T13:02:09","slug":"invisible-rulers-khi-loi-noi-doi-tro-thanh-hien-thuc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/invisible-rulers-khi-loi-noi-doi-tro-thanh-hien-thuc\/","title":{"rendered":"Invisible Rulers: Khi L\u1eddi N\u00f3i D\u1ed1i Tr\u1edf Th\u00e0nh Hi\u1ec7n Th\u1ef1c"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ren\u00e9e DiResta <\/strong>|<\/strong><\/span> \u00a0Invisible Rulers: The People Who Turn Lies into Reality <\/strong>|<\/strong><\/span> \u00a0PublicAffairs, 2024\u00a0 <\/strong>|<\/strong><\/span> 448 pages<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

\"\"C<\/strong>\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do n\u00f3i, t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ecdc, t\u1ef1 do tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1eafng th\u1ebf. Internet ban \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m cho ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y c\u00e0ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1edd b\u00e1o hay \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng sau h\u01a1n hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a Facebook, YouTube, X v\u00e0 TikTok, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn ph\u00eda sau Invisible Rulers: The People Who Turn Lies into Reality c\u1ee7a Ren\u00e9e DiResta.<\/p>\n

DiResta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 tin gi\u1ea3 -\u201cfake news.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin, trong \u0111\u00f3 ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang (influencer, algorithm v\u00e0 crowd) t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u201cnh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u201cinvisible rulers\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Internet kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ee7 b\u00e1o hay l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t YouTuber, podcaster, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean TikTok, nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, chuy\u00ean gia t\u1ef1 phong: b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u201cnh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb\u201d quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n<\/strong>. Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e0i n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta, video n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp theo, n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00f3i: \u201cAnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1i n\u00e0y.\u201d Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5m ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecdc g\u00ec c\u1ea3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

Hai lo\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Khi l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Tin \u0111\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Internet. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3n trong l\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh. Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c chia s\u1ebb. M\u1ed9t \u201cinfluencer\u201d c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n \u201cfollowers\u201d ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u \u201cengagement\u201d v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i n\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u201clike\u201d, \u201cshare\u201d, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00eam video. M\u1ed9t trang tin b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 v\u00ec \u201cm\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y.\u201d<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra: C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a DiResta. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tin \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh n\u00f3i. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i t\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 DiResta t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i: n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 lan truy\u1ec1n, b\u1ea1n khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb kh\u00e1c trong s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cmay \u0111o\u201d (\u201cbespoke realities\u201d) cho t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta theo d\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau, xem nh\u1eefng video kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1ea5m v\u00e0o link d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1ea5y r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn hai d\u00f2ng th\u00f4ng tin g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fac \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0: Anh ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c t\u00f4i. M\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh: Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi anh nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00f4i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Trong d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn thu\u1ebf, di d\u00e2n, ph\u00e1 thai hay vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn n\u1ebfu v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt chung.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfm.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u201cphe t\u00f4i\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cphe anh,\u201d n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng nguy hi\u1ec3m: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, m\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Invisible Rulers<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c DiResta n\u00f3i Internet c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tin gi\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 b\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng (influencer) t\u1ea1o n\u1ed9i dung. Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i. Influencer l\u1ea1i quan s\u00e1t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i dung m\u1edbi. C\u1ea3 ba t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n (propaganda) c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng tham gia: chia s\u1ebb, lan truy\u1ec1n, t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh ch\u1ebf (meme), c\u1eaft video, th\u00eam b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, t\u00ecm \u201cb\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng,\u201d t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh DiResta. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c platform c\u1ea7n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin sai, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: Ai quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 sai? V\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n: Ai ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n

Trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng giao quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hay m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd m\u00e0 Invisible Rulers \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng: L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thao t\u00fang th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u201d m\u1edbi?<\/p>\n

\u2726<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

DiResta kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung l\u1eadp – v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 trung l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u00e0 t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Stanford Internet Observatory, t\u1eebng c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 soi v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin sai l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ef9. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 k\u00e9m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p th\u1eed ngay trong l\u00fac \u0111\u1ecdc: n\u1ebfu \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i may \u0111o\u201d<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, th\u00ec t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc trung th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ai \u0111ang n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a DiResta l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n<\/em>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n tin.<\/p>\n

\u2726<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. V\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111oan lan xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 \u0111i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n<\/em> tin n\u00f3, v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang n\u1ed7i gi\u1eadn, n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 hay ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mang s\u1eb5n trong l\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 s\u1eeda thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khao kh\u00e1t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eefa tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 Invisible Rulers m\u1edf ra nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u01a1i Invisible Rulers \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/em>.<\/p>\n

D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf: bi\u1ebft d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0m m\u00ecnh t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn hay sung s\u01b0\u1edbng; bi\u1ebft h\u1ecfi ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u; bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn; v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eadn ra khi m\u1ed9t influencer \u0111ang b\u00e1n cho m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan.<\/p>\n

Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nghi ng\u1edd ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n tin. Ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5. Ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tin t\u1eeb l\u00e2u m\u1edbi kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n: H\u00e3y tin \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00f3i. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00f3i: Mu\u1ed1n tin g\u00ec th\u00ec tin. T\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Invisible Rulers kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ren\u00e9e DiResta. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y: ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda sau m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1edf Facebook, YouTube, TikTok hay X, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00ecnh \u0111ang t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang ta l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc Invisible Rulers, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0: \u201cTh\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang hay sai?\u201d M\u00e0 n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1edbm h\u01a1n: T\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y? Ai mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4i chia s\u1ebb n\u00f3? T\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i gi\u1eadn d\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady? V\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay \u0111ang tham gia v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. B\u1edfi l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb b\u00e0n tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eed tri v\u00e0o th\u00f9ng phi\u1ebfu. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00eda sau l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng \u201cnh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Ban Bi\u00ean T\u1eadp \u0110i\u1ec3m S\u00e1ch 1975 Magazine<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ren\u00e9e DiResta m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":2402,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[89,85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2401","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reviews","category-current-issue"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":8}},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2401","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2401"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2401\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2459,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2401\/revisions\/2459"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2402"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2401"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2401"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}