{"id":2253,"date":"2026-08-29T14:55:10","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T14:55:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/?p=2253"},"modified":"2026-08-29T14:56:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T14:56:27","slug":"escape-from-freedom-tron-chay-khoi-tu-do","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/escape-from-freedom-tron-chay-khoi-tu-do\/","title":{"rendered":"Escape from Freedom (Tr\u1ed1n Ch\u1ea1y Kh\u1ecfi T\u1ef1 Do)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Erich Fromm<\/span> | 301 pages<\/span> | Holt Paperbacks<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Erich Fromm v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\"\"C<\/strong>\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 do. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n

Erich Fromm kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n Escape from Freedom<\/em> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1941, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do. Nhi\u1ec1u khi, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI.<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m vui<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Theo Fromm, su\u1ed1t h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1edfi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. H\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Khi nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y c\u0169 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u00eam t\u1ef1 do. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i. T\u1ef1 do, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i; n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng mang g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Fromm vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt v\u1eeba n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng b\u0103n kho\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Hitler, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111i theo Hitler.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ai c\u0169ng mong mu\u1ed1n, t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Fromm r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf kinh t\u1ebf hay tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c an to\u00e0n trong m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tin v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 thay m\u00ecnh. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u00e1m ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 trao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y cho m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5. Khi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

Theo Fromm, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 tin \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ef1 do.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi t\u1ef1 do<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch. Fromm cho r\u1eb1ng khi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn ba c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e2m l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

1. Ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c (Authoritarianism)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c an to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a tan m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5. M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i. Hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. <\/span><\/strong>H\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t (Destructiveness)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u00f3. Fromm cho r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf b\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Fromm cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kho\u00e1c l\u00ean m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o cao qu\u00fd: t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n danh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00fat b\u1ecf c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n ta t\u01b0\u1edfng, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 hi\u1ebfm khi t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u1eadn th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1eb1ng sau nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng k\u00edch gay g\u1eaft trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay trong c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t an c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i thay qu\u00e1 nhanh.<\/p>\n

3. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a (Automaton Conformity)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tinh vi nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi: ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0103n m\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, tin nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang tr\u00e1nh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1 t\u00ednh. Fromm cho r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/strong><\/h2>\n

N\u1ebfu cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng \u1edf vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00e1 bi quan. Nh\u01b0ng Fromm \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p: positive freedom,<\/strong> t\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do. C\u00f3 “t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi” (freedom from), tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch, kh\u1ecfi \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng Fromm cho r\u1eb1ng “t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi” ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. Khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 “t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3” (freedom to), t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng: bi\u1ebft s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, bi\u1ebft y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, bi\u1ebft ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Fromm l\u00e0: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u1ed7i c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a tan m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: h\u1ecd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4ng m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc Escape from Freedom<\/em>, h\u00e3y th\u1eed nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

Su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t quen s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed r\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch th\u00edch nghi. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh r\u1ee7i ro. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean xem quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ngay khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc sang m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd ch\u0103m lo gia \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt tham gia c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n hay nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 Fromm gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u: th\u00f3i quen t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Fromm kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111i t\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh: t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n sang c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch<\/strong><\/h2>\n

D\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, Escape from Freedom<\/em> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Fromm ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng ch\u01b0a d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd cho nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kinh t\u1ebf, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hay \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ed9c t\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1edbn l\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1941 n\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a Fromm l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng suy ng\u1eabm h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u Fromm m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u00e2m th\u1ea7m ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng gi\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. M\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng; n\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111ang ngh\u0129, th\u01b0\u1edfng cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf tinh vi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng hi\u1ebfm khi nh\u1eadn ra. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, trong khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y, tin v\u00e0 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1eb5n. N\u1ebfu Fromm c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng s\u1ebd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX nay \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Escape from Freedom <\/em>h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u: Li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mong mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi n\u00f3. B\u1edfi r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m ngay trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf, sau h\u01a1n t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, Escape from Freedom<\/em> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0o b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng n\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/strong><\/p>\n

BBT \u0110i\u1ec3m S\u00e1ch 1975 magazine<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2026<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Erich Fromm cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u khi c\u00f2n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n 1941 v\u1eabn soi r\u1ecdi t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":2254,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[89,85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reviews","category-current-issue"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":7}},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2253","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2253"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2253\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2291,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2253\/revisions\/2291"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2254"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2253"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2253"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}