{"id":2146,"date":"2026-08-29T16:31:28","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T16:31:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/?p=2146"},"modified":"2026-08-16T17:49:11","modified_gmt":"2026-08-16T17:49:11","slug":"tom-luoc-cac-che-do-chanh-tri-mang-tinh-xa-hoi-va-su-kien-xa-hoi-chu-nghia-tai-hoa-ky-gan-day","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/tom-luoc-cac-che-do-chanh-tri-mang-tinh-xa-hoi-va-su-kien-xa-hoi-chu-nghia-tai-hoa-ky-gan-day\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00f3m L\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00e1c Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9 Ch\u00e1nh Tr\u1ecb Mang T\u00ednh \u201cX\u00e3 H\u1ed9i\u201d v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 Ki\u1ec7n \u201cX\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a\u201d T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 G\u1ea7n \u0110\u00e2y"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0<\/strong>\"\"<\/strong><\/span>Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 L\u1ed9c<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Cao h\u1ecdc Kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh VNCH (1967)<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Queenland University, \u00dac \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ee3i (1971-1972)<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u1ef1u Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c, B\u1ed9 Kinh t\u1ebf. C\u1ef1u Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Ph\u00e2n khoa Lu\u1eadt & X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1.<\/em><\/p>\n

__________________________________________________________________________________<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c Gia B\u1eafc \u00c2u theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 (Social Democracy): Na Uy, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, Ph\u1ea7n Lan, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 Iceland<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1eabn Nh\u1eadp<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 to l\u1edbn \u0111em t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 mang \u201ct\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh, t\u1edbi th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c kia l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf. Gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m qu\u1ed1c gia mang t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d trung dung, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb cho th\u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda, ho\u1eb7c do s\u1ef1 tranh gi\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Hoa k\u1ef3. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb gia c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o.<\/p>\n

Qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d trong m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n (government intervention) v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qua ch\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia. \u00a0M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 trung h\u00f2a mang t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng to l\u1edbn, s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (XHDC, Social Democracy). C\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHDC l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 dung h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Kinh t\u1ebf T\u1ef1 do (Free Economy) v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i (Welfare State). M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ee9t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc \u00c2u t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 mang t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin t\u00f3m t\u1eaft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau: Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mang t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb mang t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d t\u1ea1i Hoa k\u1ef3. V\u00e0i suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u201cm\u00f4 h\u00ecnh dung h\u1ee3p\u201d trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng C\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 <\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, \u201cLaissez faire\u201d, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong kinh doanh, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 ngh\u00e8o th\u00ec ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i. V\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft XHDC, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an sinh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cNh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i\u201d (Welfare State). Th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng lo cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4n ngoan, thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, th\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed9ng ra, XHDC l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed9t X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (Social market Economy and Democratic Society). N\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c \u201cKinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d (Market Oriented Socialist Economy) c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i \u201ct\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do qu\u00e1 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (Social Democracy) <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(i) Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng<\/p>\n

(ii) T\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

(iii) X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n<\/p>\n

(iv) T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

(v) Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 can thi\u1ec7p qua c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eb1m dung h\u00f2a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

(v) Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

(vi) B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n minh b\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

(vii) T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(i) M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh t\u1ebf theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do\/ hay kinh t\u1ebf T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

(ii) C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf, t\u01b0 doanh l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu. Kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. R\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh.<\/p>\n

(iii) Ch\u00e1nh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Y t\u1ebf mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

(iv) T\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng chi. Ch\u00e1nh ph\u1ee7 t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u201cTi\u00ean t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3\u201d c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

(v) Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n qui \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

(vi) Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qui \u0111\u1ecbnh khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu, hay tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p h\u01b0u tr\u00ed cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

(vii) Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ef9 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ti\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00f4ng t\u00edn.<\/p>\n

(viii) Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u1ee6y ban\/H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHDC tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 khi n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb (political rights) v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf (economic rights).<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cNh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i\u201d (Welfare State) v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u201cT\u1ef1 do\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u201cKinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (XHDC).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc \u00c2u, g\u1ed3m Th\u1ee5y \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Na Uy v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea7n lan, t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 50. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c noi theo. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 4 \u201cH\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60 m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi nay. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu XHDC \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHDC t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u00c2u:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHDC t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ebb \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i xin v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng XHDC \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i T\u1ef1 do\u201d (Social Liberalism).<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb 1950-1975: Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ea7y l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Keynesian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n ra t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u0103ng, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1975-th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980. V\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u00c2u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t (full employment), kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gia t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m. C\u00f3 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. Cung c\u1ea7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e1 to, s\u1ed1 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 30% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i 4 qu\u1ed1c gia \u201cH\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u\u201d:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, g\u1ed3m Singapore, Hong kong, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Nam H\u00e0n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, 10 n\u0103m sau B\u1eafc \u00c2u. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (per capita) l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb $600 – $900 m\u1ef9 kim\/ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 phong ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c1 ch\u00e2u n\u1ea7y c\u0103n b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1a theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3u B\u1eafc \u00c2u.\u00a0 Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n can thi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. Khi h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y nghi\u00ean qua ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft Neo-Liberalism, c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u00c2u<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc \u00c2u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 c\u00f3 \u201cn\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d, theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 su\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1 cao, 6.8% n\u0103m 2004, v\u00e0 7% n\u0103m 2007, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c trong v\u00f9ng n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, su\u1ed1t trong 60 n\u0103m. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 suy gi\u1ea3m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong nh\u00f3m n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng cao, v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (per capita), c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u00c2u n\u1eb1m trong 10 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u1ee9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Theo US News & World Report th\u00e1ng 9\/2024, th\u00ec \u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi $76.688, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n: $70.207, Na Uy: $104.460, Ph\u1ea7n Lan: $65.061. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t cao m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m qua. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an vui, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb XHDC \u1edf B\u1eafc \u00c2u y\u1ebfu \u0111i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, thu\u1ebf c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng cho ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gia t\u0103ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0m kinh doanh c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf B\u1eafc \u00c2u chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 30% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Chi ti\u00eau trong khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t cao, chi\u1ebfm trung b\u00ecnh 45% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i XHDC y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng chuy\u1ec3n qua l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft \u201cNeo-Classicalism\u201d hay \u201cNeo-Liberalism\u201d. Theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cH\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u201cH\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u\u201d \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Income per capita, US$), n\u0103m 2024 t\u1ea1i Singapore l\u00e0 $82.000, Nam H\u00e0n $56.000, \u0110\u00e0i loan $52.000, Hong kong $48.000. T\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong 30 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t trung b\u00ecnh 10%, c\u00f3 l\u00fac l\u00ean 12%. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c1 ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c\u00a0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 sau 30 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (developped countries) gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eeba c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cao, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c ph\u00fac, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ebf Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 dung h\u00f2a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf qua s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 \u1edf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hay X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Theo Report 2022 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (International Labor Organization) g\u1ecdi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c H\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u201cSocial and solidarity Economy\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan UN World Happiness Report, th\u00ec \u201cc\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c D\u1ea1ng Th\u1ee9c Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9 Mang T\u00ednh \u201cX\u00e3 H\u1ed9i\u201d Kh\u00e1c Nhau <\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. So v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, XHDC \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea1c ph\u00fac cho \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHDC l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 dung h\u00f2a t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi XHDC. V\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cT\u00e2n T\u1ef1 do\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHDC suy y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc \u00c2u. Ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb hai nguy\u00ean do ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1eeb phong tr\u00e0o To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a (Globalization). Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf suy y\u1ebfu, v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng l\u00ean. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh giai c\u1ea5p trung l\u01b0u do h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nhau c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3m, v\u00ec phong tr\u00e0o To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a c\u00e0ng c\u1ea1nh tranh quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1eeb Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau n\u1ea7y, nh\u1eefng kh\u1ee7ng kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u cho nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c qua m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cT\u00e2n T\u1ef1 do\u201d (Neo-Liberalism). Theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quay l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHDC l\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u201cT\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1eeb \u00c2u sang \u00c1.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (DCXH, Democratic Socialism)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 (XHDC) v\u00e0 D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i (DCXH)<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng<\/strong>:<\/strong> Hai ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0103n b\u1ea3n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do, trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c:<\/strong> ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 DCXH mu\u1ed1n ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u cao h\u01a1n, ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb, nh\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e3o, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 DCXH c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 DCXH huy \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 chi ti\u00eau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 DCXH \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh kh\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHDC v\u00e0 DCXH:<\/p>\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em><\/p>\n

XHDC tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n qua lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi an to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

DCXH cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf:<\/em><\/p>\n

XHDC: \u1ee6ng h\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 doanh. Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

DCXH: Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00f4ng hay h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00e1nh:<\/em><\/p>\n

XHDC: Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201c\u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\u201d (Reform) h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/p>\n

DCXH: Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cC\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d (Transform) h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i Hoa k\u1ef3, qua l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Bernie Sander t\u1eeb l\u00e2u nay, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y qua T\u00e2n Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng Mamdani c\u1ee7a New York v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u1eed \u1edf Th\u1ecb x\u00e3 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i. C\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cSocialist\u201d hay \u201cSocialism\u201d. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t c\u0169 l\u00e0 \u201cCommunism\u201d hay \u201cCapitalism\u201d. D\u00f9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Hoa k\u1ef3. Nh\u01b0ng qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, c\u1eed tri Hoa k\u1ef3 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u t\u00e2m hi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Hoa k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (Socialism\/Communism) <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u1eeb khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (CS) c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang S\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 (1991), v\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc CS c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Trung qu\u1ed1c (TQ) v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam (VN). Hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a (XHCN) bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3\u201d. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS v\u00e0 XHCN \u1edf VN v\u00e0 TQ, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHCN ki\u1ec3u n\u1ea7y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 CS. V\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u1ecdn ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng ti\u1ec1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u1eafm h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u00e1n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. VNCS \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u201c\u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\u201d l\u1ea7n hai, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 c\u0169.\u00a0 Kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 dung h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 Ki\u1ec7n Mang T\u00ednh \u201cX\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a\u201d T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 G\u1ea7n \u0110\u00e2y <\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

L\u00e1 c\u1edd c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa k\u1ef3 (Democratic Socialist of America, DSA) trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Austin, TX, 2020. Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/188360810@N02\/49985139338\/<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft trong \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103m nay, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb mang t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean ch\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Hoa k\u1ef3 trong m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o cho Hoa k\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o t\u1edbi c\u1eed tri Hoa k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft:<\/p>\n

(i) S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng New York, Mamdani, v\u00e0i Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1eafng c\u1eed cao t\u1eeb 50%. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean n\u00e0y mang danh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u1eed tri D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng phe nh\u00f3m \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

(ii) C\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c th\u1eafng c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Bernie Sander v\u00e0 D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u Alexandra Ocasio Cortez, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u1ea3 hai l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa k\u1ef3 (Democratic Socialist of America, DSA).<\/em> T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c DSA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 70.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u1edf kh\u1eafp Hoa k\u1ef3. DSA l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (Organization), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb (Political Party). \u00a0M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tranh \u0111\u1ea5u l\u00e0 Hoa k\u1ef3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o.<\/p>\n

(iii) C\u00e1c ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb gia n\u00e0y \u1ee9ng c\u1eed v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u1ea7y t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ef1c t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Hoa k\u1ef3. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d n\u1ea7y \u0111ang l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd n\u1eafm ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

(iv) Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea nh\u00e0, t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba \u1ed1c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u\u2026l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u201cc\u1eed tri ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3\u201d mong mu\u1ed1n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf. Tho\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Democratic Socialism) n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

(v) \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u1eed tri b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean DCXH l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u0111ang t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eed tri, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean g\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

(vi) Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf c\u1eed tri Hoa k\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn xa h\u01a1n. Ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc lo. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1eed tri b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng. D\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, v\u00ec t\u1edbi gi\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n

(vii) M\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng qua, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1nh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 n\u00eau l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng mang t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00ec t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay, h\u01a1n 50 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 hay \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 g\u00ec v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Hoa k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

(viii) \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ki\u1ec3u CS v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a CS. TT Trump \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Hoa k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh \u201cXHCN\u201d t\u1ea1i Hoa k\u1ef3<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Khi phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u00e0n lan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, t\u1ea1i Hoa k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb gia ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u00e0i T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00e1nh n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea3ng CS M\u1ef9 qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Nh\u01b0ng nay v\u1edbi v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi, l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n lo l\u1eafng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ee3 s\u1ed1 c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi b\u1ecb d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, ho\u1eb7c n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y kh\u00f3, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trung dung v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d hi\u1ec7n nay s\u1ebd l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam v\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Hoa k\u1ef3 v\u1edbi 250 n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lung lay. \u201cAmerica\u201d DSA d\u00f9 c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00e3y c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f2n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHCN, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m v\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0o t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao c\u00e1c T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c mang \u201ct\u00ednh XHCN\u201d t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng? <\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

(i) Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 r\u1ea5t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. T\u1eeb c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn sinh ho\u1ea1t ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb Trung c\u1ed9ng, Nga v\u00e0 Iran. Nh\u00f3m \u201cXHCN\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a Hoa k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

(ii) \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, \u1edf ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c ch\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa k\u1ef3. V\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Hoa k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 250 n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t, Hoa k\u1ef3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb T\u1ef1 do D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro, nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng XHCN kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Hoa k\u1ef3 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u1ed1n kh\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

(iv) Hoa k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do\u201d, v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hay D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00fang nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft \u201cT\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do\u201d.<\/p>\n

(v) V\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Hoa k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd y\u1ebfu \u0111i. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0\u00a0 Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng nh\u00fang tay v\u00e0o th\u00ec hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

(vi) \u00dd th\u1ee9c ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh m\u1ed7i c\u1eed tri n\u00ean t\u1ef1 xem l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 mong \u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

(vii) T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, v\u00ec Hoa k\u1ef3 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t, t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, quan tr\u1ecdng nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Trung C\u1ed9ng, Nga, Iran. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Hoa k\u1ef3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, an ninh n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, ngo\u1ea1i giao, di d\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

(viii) Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 sai s\u00f3t v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u1eed, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u1ea1o ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hay m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa k\u1ef3 s\u1ebd ra sao trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a\u201d Hoa k\u1ef3 theo nh\u01b0 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hoa k\u1ef3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai?<\/p>\n

S\u01a1 kh\u1edfi, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ch\u00e1nh c\u1ed1ng hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 di d\u00e2n, nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb, th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin nh\u00f3m \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa k\u1ef3. C\u00e1c l\u00fd do cho suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u1eed tri<\/em><\/strong>:<\/strong> Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 lay chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do. D\u00f9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ebb nay c\u00f3 \u201ckhuyng h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb<\/em><\/strong>:<\/strong> Hai \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a v\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00ean tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. C\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u201cbi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d v\u1eeba qua, hy v\u1ecdng sinh ho\u1ea1t ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb Hoa k\u1ef3 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. D\u00f9 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh .<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/em><\/strong> C\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean hay c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. M\u1ecdi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hay c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Bang gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf:<\/em><\/strong> Hoa k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, an ninh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y nay tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a Trung c\u1ed9ng, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch bang giao c\u1ee7a Hoa k\u1ef3 v\u1eeba c\u1ee9ng v\u1eeba m\u1ec1m. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai Hoa k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n T\u1ef1 do, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd v\u1eabn b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Hoa k\u1ef3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0i Suy Ngh\u0129 V\u1ec1 Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9 Mang T\u00ednh \u201cX\u00e3 H\u1ed9i\u201d Trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng Lai\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Sau khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb mang t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t cho nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia?<\/p>\n

Qua s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc \u00c2u v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u201cH\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u\u201d, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia:<\/p>\n

(i) C\u00f3 Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 N\u1ec1n Kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do <\/em><\/p>\n

(ii) C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 dung h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

(iii) Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n n\u00ean can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, h\u1ee3p t\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. T\u1edbi m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng minh.<\/em><\/p>\n

(iv) Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em><\/p>\n

(v) Coi tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/em><\/p>\n

(vi) B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng <\/em><\/p>\n

(vii) C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/em><\/p>\n

(viii) C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 dung h\u00f2a, t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n

(ix) C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t trong \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i. T\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1o th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. M\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m d\u1ebdo v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi. V\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n trong c\u00e1i khung v\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh, l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u00f4n v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 L\u1ed9c<\/span><\/h3>\n

California, 15 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2026<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Tham Kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u201cThe Nordic Model: Capitalism Meet Welfare\u201d, James Mc Whinney, Investtopedia Answers, 3-2026.<\/li>\n
  2. \u201cDemocratic Socialism Isn\u2019t Social Democracy\u201d, Machael A.McCarthy<\/li>\n
  3. \u201cNordic Model\u201d, Wikipedia<\/li>\n
  4. \u201cThe Economics and Politcs of Social Democrscy\u201d: A Reconsideration,Serviaas Storm, 2020<\/li>\n
  5. \u201cThe Theory of Social Democracy\u201d, Michael Thompson, 2007<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    6.The Noric Model of Economic Development and Welfare: Recent Developments and Future Prospects, Roberto lacono, Leibniz Information Center for Economics<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u201cThe Mirage of Swedish Socialism\u201d: The Econimic History of a \u201cWellfare State\u201d, John Norberg.<\/li>\n
    2. \u201cSocial Democracy in the Modern World\u201d, Africa Thinktank Dialogue, 2022<\/li>\n
    3. \u201cStrenghtening Social and Solidarity Economy Landscape in Asia\u201d, Internatioal Labor Organization, 2022<\/li>\n
    4. \u201cThe Time of Democracy is Now\u201d, Human Rights Foundation<\/li>\n
    5. \u201cThe Asian Tigers Are a Model for the Global South\u201d, Human Progress, 2021<\/li>\n
    6. \u201cWhat are the Major Lessions From East Asian Development Experiences\u201d, Carlos Numo castel Branco, 1996<\/li>\n
    7. \u201cGovernment Role in Korea\u2019s Economic Development\u201d, Sagin Park<\/li>\n
    8. \u201cIs Government Intervention Good for Economic Growth? It Depends\u201d, Jim Gibson, 5-2025<\/li>\n
    9. \u201cMore Americans Are in Favor of Socialism Than Ever Before\u201d, Jose Nino, July-2019, Advocates.<\/li>\n
    10. \u201cDo Democratic socialists really want socialism? If so, they have no place in America\u201d, Joslin Joseph, The Hill, 7\/6\/2026<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 L\u1ed9c so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 mang t\u00ednh “x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i”: x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 B\u1eafc \u00c2u, c\u00e1c “con h\u1ed5” kinh t\u1ebf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng “x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a” t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":2149,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[103,85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2146","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deep-dives","category-current-issue"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":7}},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2146","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2146"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2146\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2179,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2146\/revisions\/2179"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2149"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2146"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2146"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2146"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}