{"id":2135,"date":"2026-08-29T16:37:26","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T16:37:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/?p=2135"},"modified":"2026-08-29T16:37:26","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T16:37:26","slug":"cong-hoa-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/cong-hoa-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a L\u00e0 G\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c<\/span><\/h1>\n
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Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States- 1940 oil-on-canvas painting by American illustrator and artist Howard Chandler Christy.<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Khi Benjamin Franklin b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1787, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e1p: \u201cM\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, n\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3.(A Republic, if you can keep it.)\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em>. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb: c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em> th\u1eadt ra c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec, v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, hay n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai ch\u1eef m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u1eabn ti\u1ebfng Anh hay d\u00f9ng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n: d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em>.<\/p>\n

D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em><\/strong> (democracy)<\/strong> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n?<\/em> C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb d\u00e2n, th\u01b0\u1eddng qua l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu.<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em><\/strong> (republic)<\/strong> tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/em> Ch\u1eef n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng La-tinh res publica<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cvi\u1ec7c chung\u201d: c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eeba c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, nh\u01b0ng hai ch\u1eef \u1ea5y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh hai \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<\/em> c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/em> c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/strong> C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, n\u01a1i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u00e0nh Athens th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd e ng\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb<\/em>:<\/strong> d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 \u00fd d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecdc qua s\u1ef1 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn, qua c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 so le, qua nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i.<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u ho\u00e0ng gia. M\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u do b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, cai tr\u1ecb qua \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n.<\/strong> Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh cai tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, m\u00e0 b\u1ea7u ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 thay m\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 James Madison vi\u1ebft, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u201ctinh luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng\u201d \u00fd d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho n\u00f3 \u0111i qua nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1ecb chia t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n.<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Franklin. N\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cd\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u1ea5y b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/em>: quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia cho ba ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p<\/em>; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang<\/em>; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau; v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u1eef \u201cn\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d c\u1ee7a Franklin ch\u1ec9 th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: \u0111i\u1ec1u mong manh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf<\/em> gi\u1eef cho quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i m\u1edbi.<\/strong><\/p>\n

So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ef1 do kh\u00e1c<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0: ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta hay nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn – Anh, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c – \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u201cc\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a\u201d r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a theo ngh\u0129a ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, ta h\u00e3y t\u00e1ch ra ba c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y hay g\u1ed9p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0<\/em>: nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vua cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i hay kh\u00f4ng? Hai l\u00e0:<\/em> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n t\u1ed1i cao r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, hay ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i cao? Ba l\u00e0:<\/em> ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, hay h\u00f2a l\u1eabn v\u00e0o trong qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Anh (The United Kingdom).<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t. V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. N<\/em>\u00f3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i. S\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Anh theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>: Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cao nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f2a \u00e1n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0m. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf Anh h\u00f2a l\u1eabn<\/em> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi: ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ed3i ngay trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 ba c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean, n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a Franklin. Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p (France).<\/strong> N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0<\/em> m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a theo ngh\u0129a ch\u1eb7t – kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 do d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n mang c\u0103n t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, b\u1edfi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho n\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n: n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng \u0111i qua qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, r\u1ed3i c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ec7 Ng\u0169 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7n nay, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1958. Nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec7 Ng\u0169 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng: m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng do d\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n, c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i<\/em>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea3y sinh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cchung s\u1ed1ng\u201d (cohabitation), khi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb hai phe \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/em> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean bang, n\u00ean thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf M\u1ef9. V\u1eady n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c (Germany).<\/strong> N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb<\/em>, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng suy ng\u1eabm v\u00ec n\u00f3 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua (l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a), v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 n\u00f3 theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang<\/em>, v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00e1c bang (L\u00e4nder) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai (Bundesrat) \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c bang \u1ea5y, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n t\u1ed1i cao th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 (Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, Grundgesetz<\/em>), c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t T\u00f2a B\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt vi hi\u1ebfn, r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u00fd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y sau n\u0103m 1949, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i theo l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb<\/em>: v\u1ecb Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i (Bundestag) ch\u1ecdn ra v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ri\u00eang, c\u00f2n v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh nghi l\u1ec5. V\u1eady n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 \u1edf th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 \u1edf t\u00ednh t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ed1n qu\u1ed1c gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 theo d\u00f5i, b\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1eeba b\u00e0n. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc theo t\u1eebng h\u00e0ng: m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ngay b\u1ed1n qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau ra sao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/td>\nHoa K\u1ef3<\/strong><\/td>\nV\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Anh<\/strong><\/td>\nPh\u00e1p<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/strong><\/td>\nT\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng (d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u)<\/td>\nVua\/ N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng (cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i)<\/td>\nT\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng (d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u)<\/td>\nT\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng (nghi l\u1ec5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hay qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7?<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/td>\nQu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn<\/td>\nC\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/td>\nC\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n t\u1ed1i cao?<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00f3<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng (qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng)<\/td>\nC\u00f3<\/td>\nC\u00f3 (Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u00f2a \u00e1n b\u00e1c lu\u1eadt vi hi\u1ebfn?<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00f3 (t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p)<\/td>\nR\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/td>\nC\u00f3 (H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn)<\/td>\nC\u00f3 (T\u00f2a B\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Li\u00ean bang hay nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3?<\/strong><\/td>\nLi\u00ean bang<\/td>\nNh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/td>\nNh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/td>\nLi\u00ean bang<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/td>\nT\u00e1ch r\u1eddi (t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf)<\/td>\nH\u00f2a l\u1eabn (\u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb)<\/td>\nB\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
N\u0103m kh\u1edfi l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh<\/strong><\/td>\n1788<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1c duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n1958 (\u0110\u1ec7 Ng\u0169 CH)<\/td>\n1949 (Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, li\u00ean bang, v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i cao. Anh Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong b\u1ed1n. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 \u1edf t\u00ednh li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i cao, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i theo l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m n\u00ean n\u00e9t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hoa K\u1ef3<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean. N\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u201cd\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d (c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7), c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua (Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua). N\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ed9p b\u1ed1n<\/em> \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i, trong khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ch\u00fang theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a:<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
  • T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf:<\/strong> ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u00e0 ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p.<\/li>\n
  • Li\u00ean bang:<\/strong> quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang.<\/li>\n
  • Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i cao:<\/strong> m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: t\u00ean hai \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: Trong su\u1ed1t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u1eef c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em> v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf,<\/strong> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng<\/strong> mang t\u00ean g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng hai ch\u1eef \u1ea5y:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a<\/strong> (Republican Party): th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u201cGOP\u201d, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con voi.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7<\/strong> (Democratic Party): bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con l\u1eeba.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \"\"Do v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb r\u00f5: n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em>, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111i n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7,<\/em> d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111i n\u1eefa. Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 chung<\/strong> m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

      N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 v\u1eabn \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a v\u1eabn \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng<\/em> v\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/em> l\u00e0 hai chuy\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00f9ng ch\u1eef m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Khi ta n\u00f3i \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7,\u201d ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf<\/strong>. Khi ta n\u00f3i \u201c\u00f4ng \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a\u201d hay \u201cb\u00e0 \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7,\u201d ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i<\/strong>. Ch\u1eef gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

      V\u00ec sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

      Khi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u1ea5y, l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Franklin hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng d\u1ef1a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Hoa K\u1ef3, s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y,<\/em> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf – c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh v\u0103n – \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m l\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u01b0ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Franklin l\u00e0: ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ecdn<\/em> t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u1ea5y, thay v\u00ec t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e1ch qua n\u00f3.<\/strong> \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao, sau c\u00f9ng, ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n – nh\u1eefng c\u1eed tri, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i qua l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1t b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u201cg\u00ecn gi\u1eef\u201d n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a.<\/em> C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng; nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do r\u1ed3i t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5m th\u00eda h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ph\u00f3 Th\u01b0\u1eddng D\u00e2n<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

      S\u00e1ch v\u00e0 T\u00e0i Li\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ecdc Th\u00eam<\/strong><\/p>\n

      The Federalist Papers<\/em><\/strong> – Alexander Hamilton, James Madison v\u00e0 John Jay (1787\u20131788). Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp 85 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i s\u1ed1 10, 39 v\u00e0 51.<\/em><\/p>\n

      Democracy in America<\/em><\/strong> – Alexis de Tocqueville (1835\u20131840). M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p quan s\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

      The Spirit of the Laws<\/em><\/strong> – Montesquieu (1748). Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Ph\u00f3 Th\u01b0\u1eddng D\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb: c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00e1c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ra sao, ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Anh, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":2136,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[130,85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2135","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-democracy-101","category-current-issue"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":7}},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2135","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2135"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2135\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2312,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2135\/revisions\/2312"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2136"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2135"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2135"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2135"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}