{"id":1683,"date":"2026-04-09T23:23:22","date_gmt":"2026-04-09T23:23:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/?p=1683"},"modified":"2026-04-09T23:26:23","modified_gmt":"2026-04-09T23:26:23","slug":"xa-hoi-dan-su-dau-truong-hay-lop-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/xa-hoi-dan-su-dau-truong-hay-lop-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1: \u0110\u1ea5u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Hay L\u1edbp H\u1ecdc?"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is the city \u2026 and I am one of the citizens;<\/em><\/span>
\nWhatever interests the rest interest me \u2026politics,<\/em><\/span>
\nchurches, newspapers, schools<\/em><\/span>
\nBenovelent society, improvements, banks, tariff,<\/em><\/span>
\nSteamships, factories, markets<\/em><\/span>
\nStock and stores and real estate and personal estate.<\/em><\/span>
\n*Walt Whitman, Song of Myself, 1855<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T<\/strong>rong m\u1ea5y n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d (XHDS) th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hay th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf, XHDS c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho VN v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1 c\u00f4ng phu.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, XHDS kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, m\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m g\u1ee3i l\u00ean c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.\u00a0 M\u1edbi l\u1ea1 v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9 10 n\u0103m nay trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00ec cho t\u1edbi nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m sau n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f4i khi tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau n\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc (political sociology), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qua c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n kim ch\u1ec9 nam m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0i th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef XHDS nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 XHDS h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a XHDS. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/li>\n
  2. \u00dd ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/li>\n
  3. Tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    I. Thu\u1eadt Ng\u1eef X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

    C\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 c\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00e1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh\u00a0civil society.\u00a0<\/em>Th\u1eadt ra, t\u0129nh t\u1eeb\u00a0civil\u00a0<\/em>trong ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

    Khi d\u1ecbch \u201ccivil\u201d th\u00e0nh \u201cd\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi ngh\u0129 ngay r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 (lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1), hay v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (to\u00e0 \u00e1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1). Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, t\u0129nh t\u1eeb\u00a0civil<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi\u00a0religious<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o).\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 XHDS th\u00ec t\u0129nh t\u1eeb \u201cd\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d kh\u00f4ng mang c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng n\u00e0y. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, cho r\u1eb1ng XHDS \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d hay \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS!!<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef\u00a0civil<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1\u201d (a civil reply), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed7 s\u00e0ng, th\u00f4 l\u1ed7; ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 (polite) theo ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng. Trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1eef civil kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    Civil\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh (civilized).\u00a0 T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Merriam Webster\u2019s Collegiate Dictionary, 10th<\/sup>\u00a0edition (1993) \u2013 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n 1974 \u2013c\u00f2n cho th\u00ed d\u1ee5\u00a0civil society<\/em>\u00a0hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i,\u00a0civil society<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh\u201d.\u00a0 Theo x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 s\u00e1t \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Khi ra c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u01b0 x\u1eed nh\u01b0 khi \u1edf gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u00fd t\u1ee9, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0 x\u1eed cho v\u0103n minh. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng\u00a0civil society<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi\u00a0natural society<\/em>, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, t\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qui c\u0169 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch\u00a0civil society<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u00ec \u201cuncivil society<\/em>\u201d \u2013 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong v\u00e0i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1eddi h\u1eadu C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u2014 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecbch lth\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho \u1ed5n?<\/p>\n

    Theo thi\u1ec3n \u00fd, ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u0129nh t\u1eeb\u00a0civil<\/em>\u00a0g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u201cc\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d (citizen). Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef\u00a0civil society<\/em>, cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Webster\u2019s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language (1989) \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Civil: of, pertaining to, or consisting of citizens<\/em>\u00a0(c\u1ee7a, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1, hay g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5: civil life, civil society<\/p>\n

        \n
      • T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n The Amrican Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th<\/sup>edition (2000) \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Civil: Of or relating to citizens and their interrelations with on another or with the state.<\/em>\u00a0(c\u1ee7a hay li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhau hay v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc).\u00a0Civil society<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0m th\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0\u1ef5<\/p>\n

        Th\u1eadt ra t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u201ccivil society\u201d c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Aristote m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0koinom\u00eca politil\u00e8,\u00a0<\/em>n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc trong Hy Lap C\u1ed5.\u00a0 R\u1ed3i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Latin l\u00e0\u00a0societas cilivis.\u00a0<\/em>Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0\u00a0soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile<\/em>\u00a0th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ea1.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0\u00a0bugerliche Gesellschaft<\/em>\u00a0trong \u0111\u00f3\u00a0bugerliche<\/em>\u00a0v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 burgeois (trung l\u01b0u, t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n) v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 citoyen (th\u1ecb d\u00e2n).\u00a0 Hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c\u00a0Zivilgeselleschaft<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 XHDS.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec\u00a0cilivis, civil, civile, Zivil<\/em>\u00a0tr\u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nhau!<\/p>\n

        T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 4 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch\u00a0civil society<\/em>: (a)\u00a0shimin shahui\u00a0<\/em>(x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb d\u00e2n, city-people or town-people society), (b)\u00a0gongmin shahui\u00a0<\/em>(x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, citizens\u2019 society, (c)\u00a0wenming society\u00a0<\/em>(x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh, cilivized society), v\u00e0 (d)\u00a0minjian shahui\u00a0<\/em>(x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, people-based society). Trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y,\u00a0min<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cd\u00e2n\u201d (the people) v\u00e0\u00a0minjian<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi nhau\u201d; v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u00a0minjian shahui\u00a0<\/em>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Hoa L\u1ee5c b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (guo) v\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n (min<\/em>), h\u00e0m \u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu \u201c\u00fd d\u00e2n\u201d (minye<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u201c\u00fd tr\u1eddi\u201d (tianye<\/em>) trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u2013\u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1eddi\u201d r\u1ed3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n tr\u00e1i \u00fd \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea3!<\/p>\n

        Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef\u00a0shimin shakai\u00a0<\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch\u00a0civil society<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3\u00a0shimin\u00a0<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi\u00a0citizen<\/em>\u00a0(Anh),\u00a0citoyen<\/em>\u00a0(Ph\u00e1p) hay\u00a0burger<\/em>) \u0110\u1ee9c. Theo m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y, \u201cc\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, hay thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t giai t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho t\u1ef1 do, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef\u00a0kokumin\u00a0<\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc (citizens of the nation).<\/p>\n

        T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/strong>\u201d th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 ngay r\u1eb1ng \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 \u2014 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n \u1edf tr\u00ean.\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3\u00a0m\u1ed9t qui ch\u1ebf<\/em>\u00a0cho XHDS kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hay c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p (a good society) \u2013 d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba, ho\u1eb7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00a0c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. \u00a0N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d h\u00e0m \u00fd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n, t\u1ee9c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, t\u1ee9c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hay v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n, kinh t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a vv. \u00a0nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec hay ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi (sphere), hay \u201ckh\u00f4ng gian\u201d (ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp sau.<\/p>\n

        Nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee5m t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong \u201cc\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d (civil society organizations); \u201cc\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\/to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u\u201d (international\/global civil society organizations) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

        Trong ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cX\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1\u201d<\/em>\u00a0v\u1edbi l\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1eeb l\u00e2u n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i qua truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. \u00a0N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta quan ni\u1ec7m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t, gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u nhau, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n \u00fd hay ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u00fd. Do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

        II. \u00dd Ngh\u0129a X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba (territory) trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 4 khu v\u1ef1c:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Khu V\u1ef1c Gia \u0110\u00ecnh<\/strong>. G\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00f9ng h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c hay cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt vv.<\/li>\n
        2. Khu V\u1ef1c Th\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong>. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i thu\u1eadn mua v\u1eeba b\u00e1n hay trao \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i, m\u01b0u t\u00ecm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p cho ph\u00e9p. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh hay y\u1ebfu, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, th\u1eddi v\u1ee5, chu k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kia, ho\u1eb7c tr\u00edch l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb vv.<\/li>\n
        3. Khu V\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft (ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf) sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 (From Max Weber<\/em>do Gerth & Mills hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh,1946). T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i sinh, d\u00e3 th\u00fa, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u1ec7 sinh vv.<\/li>\n
        4. Khu V\u1ef1c X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/strong>. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c \u201ct\u1ed5ng g\u1ed9p\u201d (aggregation) nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc vv. g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201ct\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m trong c\u00e1c \u201ct\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (action groups) kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c \u201ct\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u201d n\u00e0y tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb 3 khu v\u1ef1c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean.\u00a0 T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh kh\u00e1 eo h\u1eb9p, c\u00e1c \u201ct\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh l\u1edbn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (non-government organizations). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c XHDS tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 3 khu v\u1ef1c kia (\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hay c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c chung)?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c Gia \u0110\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qua\u00a0t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau<\/em>, c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c Th\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 mua b\u00e1n trao \u0111\u1ed5i qua\u00a0\u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n<\/em>, c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng qua\u00a0quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/em>, c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c XHDS l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ra qua\u00a0ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t<\/em>.\u00a0 Khi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp hay th\u00e1i qu\u00e1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u00ec khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2y lan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u.\u00a0Trong 4 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, do t\u00ednh \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh \u0111a n\u0103ng v\u00e0 uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, khu v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ec5 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nhanh nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n kh\u00e1ch quan nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/em><\/p>\n

          C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xem khu v\u1ef1c XHDS g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p vv., v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng khu v\u1ef1c XHDS n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa 2 khu v\u1ef1c Th\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng xem c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a XHDS. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang hay s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0 C\u00f2n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m XHDS n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 e ng\u1ea1i, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n hay tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a XHDS v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u2013th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ngay t\u1eeb tr\u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, th\u00ec khu v\u1ef1c Gia \u0110\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u201cc\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng\u201d nh\u01b0 3 khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 3 khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng khi \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng nhau, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa 2 khu v\u1ef1c XHDS v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

          \"\"<\/p>\n

          M\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c, hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, cho r\u1eb1ng khu v\u1ef1c XHDS c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 3 khu v\u1ef1c kia nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng.\u00a0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

          \"\"<\/p>\n

          Thomas Janoski, trong quy\u1ec3n \u201cCitizenship and Society: A Framework of Rights and Obligations in Liberal, Traditional and Social Democratic Regimes\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(1998) c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng 4 khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c; nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 XHDS c\u00f3 chung v\u1edbi 3 khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i \u2013nh\u01b0 \u1edf h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd tr\u00ean. Theo Janoski, ngo\u00e0i\u00a0nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u00a0<\/strong>c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0: (1) c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n (ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an l\u1ea1c, c\u00f4ng \u00edch, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o); (2) c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf\u00a0 vv. c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n; (3) c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang; (4) c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, khu v\u1ef1c XHDS c\u00f2n\u00a0c\u00f3 chung v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c (5) c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng; (6) an l\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u & ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n;\u00a0c\u00f3 chung v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c Th\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0<\/strong>trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c (7) c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n; (8) c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n, (9) c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5; v\u00e0\u00a0c\u00f3 chung v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c Gia \u0110\u00ecnh\u00a0<\/strong>trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c: (10) nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 qua truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, to\u00e0 \u00e1n vv. T\u00f9y theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian chung n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng gian chung gi\u1eefa XHDS v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Th\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00ec kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ea7n \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n; trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec khu v\u1ef1c chung gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 XHDS r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

          Brian O\u2018 Connell, trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u1ecfng s\u00fac t\u00edch \u201cCivil Society: The Underpinnings on American Democracy\u201d\u00a0<\/em>(1999),\u00a0<\/em>chia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh 4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1:\u00a0Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>\u00a0(t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u1ef1 do, x\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n, t\u00f2a \u00e1n, an ninh, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, tham gia ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng, tu\u00e2n h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, tr\u1ea3 thu\u1ebf,\u00a0ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u0103n minh l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1<\/em>);\u00a0C\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ed3ng<\/strong>\u00a0(l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9, n\u01a1i gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng,\u00a0ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u0103n minh l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0vv.);\u00a0Th\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i<\/strong>\u00a0(t\u1ef1 do kinh doanh, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ty, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean,\u00a0ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u0103n minh l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1<\/em>\u00a0); v\u00e0\u00a0Thi\u1ec7n Nguy\u1ec7n<\/strong>\u00a0(t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n t\u01b0, c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9, qu\u1ef9 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c, qu\u1ef9 tr\u1ee3 \u00edch,\u00a0ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u0103n minh l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1).\u00a0<\/em>Theo Connell, \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u1edf l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c chung (intersection) n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nhau \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung \u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.\u201d \u00a0\u00d4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cc\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u201d v\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

          Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c XHDS \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i XHDS. Theo Mary Kaldor, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, trong quy\u1ec3n\u00a0Global Civil Society: An Answer to War\u00a0<\/em>(2003), XHDS c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ra l\u00e0m 5 lo\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

          (1) X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i L\u1ecbch S\u1ef1 (society civilis<\/em>)<\/strong> chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi khu\u00f4n ph\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1; s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.\u00a0 Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, XHDS kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phi d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, natural society) v\u00e0 v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n

          (2) X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Trung L\u01b0u (burgerliche gesellschaft, bourgeois society)<\/strong>, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf (the Enlightenment), th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edd kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00eam th\u1eddi gi\u1edd v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, giao ti\u1ebfp vv. Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, giai c\u1ea5p, d\u00e2n lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a XHDS. V\u00e0 XHDS t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00a0Hegel g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi\u201d; Marx cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.\u201d<\/p>\n

          (3) X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1 Theo C\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 H\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed9ng (the activist version)<\/strong> g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 XHDS c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp Trung \u00c2u h\u1ed3i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 v\u00e0 1980, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a XHDS v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng; kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc cho ph\u00e9p. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, XHDS v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i ph\u00eda c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

          (4) X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1 Theo Quan \u0110i\u1ec3m T\u00e2n Ph\u00f3ng Kho\u00e1ng (the neoliberal version)<\/strong>, ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n 1989, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (laissez-faire politics), n\u1edf r\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n thay th\u1ebf Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111ang nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 XHDS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201ckhu v\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 ba<\/em>\u201d (the third sector), b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh 2 khu v\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Th\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

          (5) X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1 Theo Quan \u0110i\u1ec3m H\u1eadu Hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i (the postmoderm version)<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ganh \u0111ua, l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch quan ni\u1ec7m xem XHDS l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 cho to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u XHDS.<\/p>\n

          Theo Kaldor, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 5 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 XHDS \u0111\u1ec1u mang c\u1ea3 hai t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1eabn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qui chu\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u1ee7i v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00a0Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa XHDS v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 18, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc xem hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng sinh (coterminous), v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201c\u0111\u00fang\u201d hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p do Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ban h\u00e0nh. Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Thomas Hobbes (1588 -1679) cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hay c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf l\u00fac h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mong mu\u1ed1n; c\u00f2n lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf, John Locke (1632 \u2013 1704) ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, Locke c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt x\u1ea5u: lu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt x\u1ea5u l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 x\u1ea5u. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712- 1778) ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (true law), t\u1ee9c lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh \u201c\u00fd ch\u00ed chung\u201d (general will) v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (actual law), t\u1ee9c lu\u1eadt th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0 Trong quy\u1ec3n\u00a0\u00c9mile<\/em>, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi\u00a0De l\u2019\u00e9ducation\u00a0<\/em>(1762), t\u1eebng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve do quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cTinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 k\u1ebb c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb tay kh\u00f4ng: \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t l\u1ec7.\u201d Trong \u201cContract social\u201d\u00a0<\/em>(xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng n\u0103m 1762), Rousseau vi\u1ebft: \u201cQua x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do tinh th\u1ea7n, ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh; b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u1edf th\u00edch kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, trong khi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh vi\u1ebft ra th\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do.\u201d \u00a0Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 XHDS, nh\u01b0ng XHDS th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy kh\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m khu v\u1ef1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 XHDS m\u1edbi r\u00f5 n\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

          M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u2014 C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u2014 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n hay do \u0111\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ra c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS hay kh\u00f4ng? Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn xem ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tham gia kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng Nhung (Velvet Revolutions) t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u khi g\u1eb7p th\u1eddi c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u (perestroika)\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf (glasnost<\/em>) khi Gorbachev l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1985.\u00a0 Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i Ba Lan l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 thao, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n thanh ni\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 vv. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Ba Lan l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd (thu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3), kho\u1ea3ng 14,000 v\u1edbi 7,000 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 20.000 linh m\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111ang t\u1eeb t\u1eeb tu\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m tay \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

          M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ee9ng ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t du\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd t\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t x\u00edt v\u1edbi Mussolini. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp\u201d (corporatism) trong \u0111\u00f3 \u201cNh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp\u201d (corporate state) b\u00e0y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u201cXHDS thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp\u201d (corporate civil society) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

          T\u1ea1i Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh sinh vi\u00ean b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ng\u00e0y 17\/11\/1989 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 l\u00fac l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS (l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 500, c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p). Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y 24 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c, b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng trong Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p, d\u1eb9p s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng.\u00a0 V\u00e1clav Havel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng.\u00a0 Nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng Nhung n\u00e0y k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t XHDS tr\u00ean qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

          Trong hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 linh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 2 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 XHDS, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng coi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa 2 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a XHDS v\u1edbi 3 khu v\u1ef1c kia. Trong quy\u1ec3n\u00a0Civil Society: Berlin Perspectives\u00a0<\/em>do John Keane (2006) hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh, Jurgen Kocka \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a XHDS theo 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0 sau: (1) m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (social action); (2) m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c (area) hay kh\u00f4ng gian (sphere) c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ba l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u2013nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y; (3) c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hay m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qui chu\u1ea9n, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cho n\u00ean XHDS \u00a0(a) h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tranh lu\u1eadn, dung h\u00f2a v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft trong c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang: XHDS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng (public sphere); (b) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3; (c) ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111a nguy\u00ean, d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng; (d) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng dung b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c; v\u00e0 (e) li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u201cc\u00e1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p chung\u201d (common good) ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. \u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a XHDS c\u1ee7a Jurgen Kocka, th\u00ec Gia \u0110\u00ecnh, Th\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o XHDS. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i XHDS c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng hay \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p; \u0111\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ean CIVICUS \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a XHDS t\u1ea1i 43 qu\u1ed1c gia trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u00f3\u00a0 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0\u00a0 \u201cCIVICUS: Global Survey of the State of Civil Society<\/em>\u201d (2007). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, XHDS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f9ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung\u201d (the arena, outside the family, the state, and the market where people associate to advance common interests).\u00a0<\/em>CIVICUS b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb n\u00e0y 2 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m: (a) \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn, b\u00e0n c\u1ea3i, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n; (b) v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n (fuzziness) gi\u1eefa 4 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 XHDS, v\u00ec kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.\u00a0CIVICUS ch\u1ec9 xem l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c XHDS nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ra c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/em><\/p>\n

          C\u0169ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a XHDS, CIVICUS ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng \u00edch, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd (governance) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (development) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i (nonprofit organizations).<\/p>\n

          CIVICUS \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, quan s\u00e1t, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n vv. \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng 25 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 4 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a XHDS:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea7n C\u01a1 C\u1ea5u (Structure) \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong XHDS<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            qua 6 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham gia, t\u00ednh \u0111a nguy\u00ean trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia hay \u0111i\u1ea1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh)<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea7n Khung C\u1ea3nh (Environment), nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u 7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn XHDS: khung c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, khung c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf, khung c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khung c\u1ea3nh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 XHDS, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 v\u00e0 XHDS.<\/li>\n
            2. Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eefng Gi\u00e1 Tr\u1ecb (Values) kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t 7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 XHDS theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169: d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch, s\u1ef1 khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, x\u00f3a ngh\u00e8o, v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/li>\n
            3. Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea7n \u1ea2nh H\u01b0\u1edfng (Impact) \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a XHDS \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng, qui tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kinh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 3. \u00a0N\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh XHDS c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia.\u00a0 D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o m\u00e0 XHDS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t 3 \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i tr\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng.\u00a0 Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u 4 c\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1 (civil society diamond).<\/p>\n

              Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a CIVICUS n\u0103m 2007, trong 45 \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u XHDS, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u XHDS Scotland cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi OS=2,2; OI=2.4; OV=2,6 v\u00e0 OE= 2,4.\u00a0 C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u XHDS Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0: 2,0; 1,2; 1,7 v\u00e0 1,4.<\/p>\n

              \"\"<\/p>\n

              C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam, l\u00e0 khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 XHDS t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, CIVICUS chia c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS ra l\u00e0m 4 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (community-based organizations), c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ea1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn hay h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ea1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng ng\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 vv. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/li>\n
              • C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang (mass organizations) c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn T\u1ed5 Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1eb3n xem l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho c\u00e1 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i Ph\u1ee5 N\u1eef, \u0110o\u00e0n Thanh Ni\u00ean, vv. m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n
              • C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (professional associations), nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ed3ng th\u1eadp t\u1ef1, h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o vv. Tuy kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng CS. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n
              • C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (non-government organizations), ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, American Red Cross, The Ford Foundation, Operation Smile, Alcoholics Anonymous, Church World Service, Terre des homes Foundation, Autralian Volunteers International, Landmine Survivors Network \u00a0\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2010 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3n 500 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (international NGO) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u1eadp ra 3 c\u01a1 quan, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 3 c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Sang n\u0103m 2013 v\u1eeba qua, CIVICUS l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 m\u1edbi, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra khung c\u1ea3nh thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS. Cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean 109 qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u1eb1m \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o XHDS; v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng XHDS v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb (governance),\u00a0 khung c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 v\u0103n h\u00f3a (socio-cultural enviroment) v\u00e0 khung c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf (soci-economic environment).\u00a0 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 S\u1ed1 B\u1ed1i C\u1ea3nh Cho Ph\u00e9p (Enabling Environment Index: EEI), v\u1edbi thang \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 1. M\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u danh s\u00e1ch s\u00e1ch, theo th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0: New Zeland (0,87), Canada (0,85), Autrlia (0,85), Denmark (0,81), Norway (0.80), Netherlands (0,79), Switzeland (0,79), Iceland (0,79), Swedan (0,79) v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 (0,79).<\/p>\n

                Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 100, v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 EEI l\u00e0 0,37, khi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CIVICUS ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m:<\/p>\n

                \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Ethiopia (h\u1ea1ng 8 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfm l\u00ean) v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam (h\u1ea1ng 10 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfm l\u00ean) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf khen ng\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. L\u00fd do: Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 hay c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho XHDS sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 \u00fd nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

                Trong n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1edbm ban h\u00e0nh \u201cLu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i\u201d. Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2013, \u0111i\u1ec1u 25 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cC\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i, bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh.\u201d V\u00e0 \u201cVi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y do ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qui \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn nay, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u201cLu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i\u201d \u0111\u00f3. Trong khi ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi lu\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3<\/em>\u00a0v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, t\u00f9y theo t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n.\u00a0 Tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, S\u1eafc L\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 101\/SL-L003 ng\u00e0y 20\/5\/57 do Ch\u1ee7 T\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ban h\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00ec ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb \u0110\u1ecbnh ban h\u00e0nh sau n\u00e0y. (Radio Free Asia ng\u00e0y 20\/01\/20114<\/em>). V\u1ea3 ch\u0103ng, n\u1ebfu \u201cLu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh nay mai \u0111i n\u1eefa, th\u00ec s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 bao, khi m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, v\u1ed1n h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu \u201clu\u1eadt x\u1ea5u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\u201d th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o! Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u201clu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e2y ki\u1ec3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\u201d, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1n cho lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tham gia tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c! L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac: \u201clu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t\u201d v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.\u201d<\/p>\n

                III. Tr\u00e0o L\u01b0u C\u1ee7a X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

                Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0o Th\u1eddi K\u1ef3 S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf (The Enlightenment), th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n b\u1ecb toan t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u00a0\u00fd ni\u1ec7m XHDS \u0111\u00e3\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi Adam Ferguson, G.F.W. Hegel, Karl Marx, Antonio Gramsci vv. V\u1eady m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean \u0111i, m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latin v\u00e0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111em ra s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t, xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u tinh cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111ang b\u1ecb b\u1ebf t\u1eafc.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n sinh l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u00f3 \u00a0c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n hy v\u1ecdng l\u1edbn lao cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 sau m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ecb kh\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n\u201d, \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng hoa l\u00e0i\u201d ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ch\u00fat m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea1t nh\u00f2a.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 XHDS hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 \u201cDe la d\u00e9mocracie en Am\u00e9rique\u201d\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p Alex de Tocqueville, g\u1ed3m 2 quy\u1ec3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1835 v\u00e0 1840, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u1eeb 1966 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh 2 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, trong chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 lao t\u00f9, Tocqueville \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 non tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, th\u1ec3 thao vv., m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS.\u00a0 \u00d4ng cho l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee9ng ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1eabn nhau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Hoa K\u1ef3 gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i th\u1eddi ho\u00e0n kim n\u00e0y, sau s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cBowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of America Community\u201d\u00a0<\/em>(1999) c\u1ee7a Robert D. Palmer, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3. Palmer nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ch\u01a1i bowling h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ch\u01a1i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec ch\u01a1i trong trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i (leagues). Trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00edt tham gia, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u00edt \u0111i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed h\u01a1n, \u00edt tham gia c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n, \u00edt \u0111i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd h\u01a1n, \u00edt tham gia nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n, \u00edt tham gia sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u1edbi khu l\u00e2n c\u00e2n l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng h\u01a1n vv.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y g\u00ec b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i hay c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung khi thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u1edbi nhau trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u1ee5 Huynh v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Vi\u00ean (PTA), c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd vv. th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u1eefa.\u00a0 N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, qua giao ti\u1ebfp, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin c\u1eady nhau, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhau v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t keo g\u1eafn b\u00f3; m\u00e0 khi khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ea5t n\u00f3 \u0111i, th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d \u2014 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn sau. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho 9% l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

                T\u1ea1i Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p.\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u mang nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi XHDS. (\u201cThe European Court and Civil Society: Ligitation, Mobilization and Governance\u201d\u00a0<\/em>, 2007)<\/em>\u00a0Trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cToward a European Civil Society\u201d, h\u01a1n 40 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c 15 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean 10 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong h\u01a1n 2 n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a XHDS t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cThe Languages of Civil Society\u201d\u00a0<\/em>(2006) v\u00e0 \u201cCivil Society: Berlin Perspectives\u201d\u00a0<\/em>(2006) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1a \u00e1n n\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a XHDS kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m XHDS n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y; n\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (global non-government organizations), v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ri\u00eang l\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nha%n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.\u00a0 Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y trong 10 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. N\u0103m 2001, \u0111\u00e0i BBC ph\u00e1t thanh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t 12 b\u00e0i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 XHDS cho d\u00e2n Anh v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 N\u0103m trong 3 th\u00e1ng 7, 8 v\u00e0 9.<\/p>\n

                \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n n\u1eefa th\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh XHDS kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i nhanh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1.\u00a0 Trong quy\u1ec3n \u201cAiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>(1999), Thomas\u00a0 Carothers cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 g\u1ed3m 2 \u201cch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d: \u201cCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 1\u201d \u00a0l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1eddi c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i hay ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf; v\u00e0 \u201cCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 2\u201d l\u00e0\u00a0 thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u.\u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cL\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5?\u201d (How?) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ed1t.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cL\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7?\u201d (What?), c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a XHDS, th\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                L\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Nga. Sau khi Gorbachev \u201cl\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 70 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec XHDS \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00a0quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng s\u1ef1 minh b\u1ea1ch, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ti\u1ebfp theo nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Chechnya, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4i sinh, th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS m\u1ecdc l\u00ean nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong 2.000 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (Interntional non-governments organizations, INGOs). \u0110i\u1ec1u sau n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng c\u0169 xem c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tai sai ngo\u1ea1i bang, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh vung tay l\u00e0m m\u1ea1nh: c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean INGOs ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1i S\u1ee9 Anh vi\u1ec7n l\u00fd do l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga.\u00a0 N\u0103m 2006, Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Nga ra lu\u1eadt bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng khai t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh, khai r\u00f5 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i qu\u1ed1c gia Nga.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee9c th\u00ec v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS, kho\u1ea3ng 13.000 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3) khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c INGOs \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Nga, nh\u01b0 Amnesty International, Human Watch vv. g\u1eb7p kh\u00f4ng \u00edt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.\u00a0(\u201cA Diplomat Handbook: for Democracy Development Support\u201d)\u00a0<\/em>(2013). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u khi m\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean, Putin \u0111\u00e3 \u201cv\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean l\u1ea1i gh\u1ebf T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0\u00a0 gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p tham nh\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n; c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i gai trong m\u1eaft!<\/p>\n

                T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u201c\u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd\u201d v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 D\u00e2n V\u1ee5 (Ministry of Civil Affairs). N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng ty, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3i qua th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0, t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, m\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xin g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 xin ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Do \u0111\u00f3, mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 N\u0103m 1988 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS l\u00e0 4.500; \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2010, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt l\u00ean 425.000 hay h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Theo qui \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2010 th\u00ec\u00a0 kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc cho v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa c\u01a1 quan t\u1eb7ng d\u1eef (trong c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng t\u1eb7ng d\u1eef \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 thi\u00ean tai b\u00e3o l\u1ee5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t lo s\u1ee3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, v\u00ec XHDS s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng sai ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00fac n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfng hay v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 m\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, hay ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00f9, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai! Trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u00ecn sang nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay \u0111ang l\u00ean nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Nam H\u00e0n, Singapore, M\u00e3 Lai, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 sau.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u00a0 Do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng), ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, hay \u00e1i h\u1eefu. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cho ph\u00e9p XHDS xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf vv. R\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3, trong khi c\u00e1c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i tr\u00ean s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u00e1, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 ch\u00e2u l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1edf d\u0129 kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng XHDS s\u1ebd chia b\u1edbt quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn suy y\u1ebfu kinh t\u1ebf; do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a XHDS m\u1ed9t khi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh cho ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n

                Hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng XHDS r\u1ea5t ph\u00f4i thai.\u00a0 L\u00fd do \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n tr\u00ed.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cho r\u1eb1ng, d\u00e2n tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u201cb\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i\u201d l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng cao d\u00e2n tr\u00ed.\u00a0 XHDS l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi l\u1eabn nhau.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin c\u1eady l\u1eabn nhau.\u00a0 M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 ho\u00e1n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tin \u2013th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i tin l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng khi chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng \u2013nh\u01b0ng l\u00f2ng tin trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u2013d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf hay l\u1edbn \u2013 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung \u0111i n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eabn xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0\u00a0\u201cv\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(social capital).<\/p>\n

                Theo Robert D. Putnam, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cDemocracies in Flux\u201d\u00a0<\/em>(2002), kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cv\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L. Judon Hanifan \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1916. Theo Hanifan, th\u00ec \u201cv\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh, tinh th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.\u00a0 V\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng quen bi\u1ebft nhau, g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nhau \u0111\u1ec3 vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u00ec nh\u1edd k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 \u201cv\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh \u1edf. \u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng n\u00e0o, \u201cv\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (th\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb m\u00e0u da, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o). X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cv\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ea5y th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n qua c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o chia r\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1 tr\u1edb tr\u00eau l\u00e0 khi r\u1eebng m\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ch\u01b0a b\u00e9n r\u1ec5, th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o x\u1edbi tung t\u00f3e c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc. V\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd thay ng\u00e0y nay khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed5 x\u00fay v\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng!<\/p>\n

                L\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i, phong c\u00e1ch giao ti\u1ebfp, \u1ee9ng x\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS hay gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS v\u1edbi nhau, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 XHDS d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d (civic culture).\u00a0 Trong nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, khi XHDS ch\u01b0a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e3o th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c th\u00e2n h\u00e0o nh\u00e2n s\u0129 \u2013 c\u00f3 khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn\u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ea5n k\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS.\u00a0 Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf, Qu\u1ef9 Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n, hay ho\u00e3n gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c con n\u1ee3 \u2013t\u1ee9c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc hay Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c XHDS li\u00ean h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng, v\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng.\u00a0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady t\u1eeb tr\u00ean ban xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec ban xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5, th\u00ec l\u1ea5y \u0111i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1.\u00a0 B\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t, ki\u1ec1m h\u00e3m, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf XHDS l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 \u201cv\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d phong ph\u00fa, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u201cv\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d cao, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1edbi m\u1edf \u201cH\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Di\u00ean H\u1ed3ng\u201d! \u00a0M\u1ed9t khi ch\u01b0a b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tin, ch\u01b0a quen l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i sinh ho\u1ea1t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a quen s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1i \u201cv\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ng\u1ee1 ng\u00e0ng, s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed \u201d \u0111i theo c\u00e1i h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 ra. Xin m\u1edf d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng tin, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Di\u00ean H\u1ed3ng \u2013m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u201cVi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Di\u00ean H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 gi\u1eb7c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111ang tr\u00e0n qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi trong khi vua quan nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 L\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f2n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cho\u00e0i L\u00fd\u201d hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n t\u1eeb khi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Di\u00ean H\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tham d\u1ef1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nguy hi\u1ec3m cho h\u1ecd, v\u00ec b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi: nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1edbt s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111ang nh\u00ecn qua nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2ng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

                D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng, v\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng.\u00a0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady t\u1eeb tr\u00ean ban xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec ban xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5, th\u00ec l\u1ea5y \u0111i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1.\u00a0 B\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t, ki\u1ec1m h\u00e3m, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf XHDS l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1eady.\u00a0 H\u1ecd tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn.\u00a0 Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u201cCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 1\u201d!\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m: t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u, \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00f9i xa th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1ea1i ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch, than th\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                Trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1eafm m\u1edbi l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh.\u00a0 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng, ch\u1eb3ng ai mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a.\u00a0 Do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u1eeb trong tr\u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi m\u1ea7m m\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.\u00a0 Gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, Vi\u1ec7t Minh h\u00f4 h\u00e0o: \u201c\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ai b\u00e1n m\u00e0 mua\/ Ai cho m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn, ai th\u1eeba m\u00e0 xin,\u201d th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay \u201cD\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ai b\u00e1n m\u00e0 mua<\/em>\/\u00a0Ai cho m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn, ai th\u1eeba m\u00e0 xin.\u201d\u00a0<\/em>Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a XHDS \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ebb loi nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5y n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba hi\u1ec3u: X\u01b0a nay c\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do \u1ea9n s\u00e2u trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1i \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a trong chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf, bu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ra \u0111i.\u00a0 Gi\u1eefa 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1c quan. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u00a0t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 kh\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0 Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng tin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi T.I.N.A.\u201d (There Is No Alternatives, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p).<\/p>\n

                \"\"
                Image by Venita Oberholster from pixabay.com<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

                Hi\u1ec7n nay, tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p trung dung cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n S\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00f2n<\/em>.\u00a0 Qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 \u00edch t\u1eeb \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d (ground truth), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft qua c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hay l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft su\u00f4ng.\u00a0 N\u1ebfu trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh ng\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9i thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3m nguy sinh t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m h\u01a1n, th\u00ec trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean hi\u1ec3u s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nhau, gi\u00fap t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ednh nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 chung, v\u1edbi ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, v\u1edbi tham nh\u0169ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i m\u00f4i sinh vv. \u00a0h\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh \u0111i l\u00ean, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hay h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady khi cung c\u1ea5p ngo\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

                T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mong \u0111\u1ee3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p trung dung l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1eebng l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 manh nha, l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, khu v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm.\u00a0 L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc CS s\u1ebd di\u1ec7t vong. Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n phong trong phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu s\u1edbm l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111em th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

                ***<\/p>\n

                \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn,\u00a0<\/strong>ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 XHDS: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 XHDS t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 XHDS c\u00f2n non tr\u1ebb. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 XHDS v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a XHDS, cho n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n. Brian Connell l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Gibbon: \u201cSau c\u00f9ng, h\u1ecd\u00a0(ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh Athens, Hy L\u1ea1p C\u1ed5)\u00a0<\/em>mu\u1ed1n an ninh, c\u00f2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 do. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft \u2013an ninh, tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u2026 Sau r\u1ed1t, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh Athens kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ban ph\u00e1t cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ban ph\u00e1t cho m\u00ecnh, khi t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh Athenes kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 do n\u1eefa.\u201d Connell kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh XHDS, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f2n vui h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 d\u00e0i l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

                L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Connell kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 XHDS ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 XHDS c\u00f2n c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n.\u00a0 Khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Maggie Anderson vi\u1ebft: \u201dN\u0103ng l\u1ef1c duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i; m\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t.\u201d (The Poet\u2019s Companion<\/em>, Kim Addozino & Dorianne Laux, 1997).\u00a0 M\u1ed9t thi s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111i b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u0169, v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi m\u1edbi \u2013th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec hay h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n nay \u2013trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2014 \u0111ang vi\u1ebft \u201cCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 2\u201d, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf hay tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi n\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng lan r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1edbi, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a XHDS, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y n\u1eefa v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft quanh qu\u1ea9n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n m\u00e0 \u0111i \u2013th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac c\u00f2n quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u00a0Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 XHDS m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i hai b\u00ean \u0111ang c\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

                L\u00ea V\u0103n B\u1ec9nh<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

                M\u1ed9t S\u1ed1 T\u00e0i Li\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1c \u0110\u1ec1 Ngh\u1ecb \u0110\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3 Tham Kh\u1ea3o Th\u00eam<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Don E. Eberly, Editor,\u00a0The Essential Civil Society Reader,\u00a0<\/em>Rowman & Littlefield 2000<\/li>\n
                • Helmet Anheller,\u00a0Civil Society: Measurement, Evalution, Policy,\u00a0<\/em>Routledge 2004<\/li>\n
                • John A. Hall, Editor,\u00a0Civil Society: Theory, History Comparison,\u00a0<\/em>Polity Press 1995<\/li>\n
                • Jon Carson & Russel Fox, Editors\u00a0The State of Nature in Comparative Political Thought<\/em>, Lexington Books 2014<\/li>\n
                • Jean Cohen & Andrew Arato,\u00a0Civil Society and Political Theory<\/em>, MIT Press 1995<\/li>\n
                • Michael Edwards, Editor,\u00a0The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society,\u00a0<\/em>Oxford 2013<\/li>\n
                • Virginia Hodgkinson & Michael Foley, Editors,\u00a0The Essential Society Reader,\u00a0<\/em>Press of New England 2003<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Trong m\u1ea5y n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d (XHDS) th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hay th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf, XHDS c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho VN v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1 c\u00f4ng phu.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1684,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[99,85,103],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1683","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essay","category-current-issue","category-deep-dives"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1683","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1683"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1683\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1691,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1683\/revisions\/1691"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1683"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1683"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1683"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}