{"id":1339,"date":"2026-03-23T18:24:23","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T18:24:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/?p=1339"},"modified":"2026-03-29T21:42:17","modified_gmt":"2026-03-29T21:42:17","slug":"chieu-dong-tinh-so-tan-man-ve-ky-uc-chien-tranh-va-resilience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/chieu-dong-tinh-so-tan-man-ve-ky-uc-chien-tranh-va-resilience\/","title":{"rendered":"Chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f4ng t\u00ednh s\u1ed5 – T\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 k\u00fd \u1ee9c, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 Resilience"},"content":{"rendered":"

I. K\u00fd \u1ee9c <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o xu\u00e2n, tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edb T\u00e1o qu\u00e2n; nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/strong> t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 th\u01a1 v\u1ea7n, c\u00e2u 4 hay 5 ch\u1eef. Mang gi\u1ecdng tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang hay \u00edt ra m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 s\u1edb v\u0103n xu\u00f4i nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng m\u1ec9a mai ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea5u, khen ng\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh (c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0) r\u1ed3i c\u1ea7u xin Ng\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng\u00a0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf ban cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t n\u0103m m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed9 \u00f3c non n\u1edbt tr\u1ebb th\u01a1 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960-1970: S\u1edb T\u00e1o s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi mua s\u1eafm ch\u1ee3 T\u1ebft, ch\u1ee3 hoa, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o m\u1edbi, theo ba ra S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u0103m b\u00ean n\u1ed9i, theo m\u00e1 v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea th\u0103m b\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e0 T\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ed5 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec n\u00f3ng d\u00f2n th\u01a1m ph\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u00e1o xu\u00e2n kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 b\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch n\u0103m m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh ca s\u0129, t\u00e0i t\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng[1]<\/a>. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc, r\u00fam r\u00f3 trong nh\u00e0 nghe ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea1n bom ho\u1ea3 ti\u1ec5n m\u00ecn, plastic d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y r\u1eddi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111i Ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i 1969 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t h\u1eb3n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf l\u1ea1i khi 30 th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 1975 \u0111\u1ebfn. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n…(tre\/s\u1eaft?) ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 bu\u1ed3n vui, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp qua th\u01b0 t\u1eeb, tin t\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1edb T\u00e1o trong th\u1eddi gian x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n \u1ea5y, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t T\u00e1o qu\u00e2n tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Qua v\u00e8o n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u im l\u1eb7ng, h\u00f4m nay c\u00e1c nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp, vui v\u1ebb th\u1eddi x\u01b0a d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u00f9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i kia ch\u1ed1n n\u1ecd; th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/em> xu\u00e2n n\u00e0y <\/em>tuy m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 con kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1,<\/em> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n r\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, r\u1eddi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vui T\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nghi th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 …kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng: c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u00f4ng b\u00e0, ch\u00fac t\u1ee5ng, s\u1eafm s\u1eeda qu\u00e0 T\u1ebft, v\u1edbi <\/em>nhang \u0111\u00e8n, v\u00e0ng m\u00e3, xe ph\u00e1o, ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y thi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 vv. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh xe t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> ch\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea, v\u00e0 quanh c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi (th\u0103m\/ch\u1edd th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n), x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee3i b\u1eefa \u0103n ph\u00e1t ch\u1ea9n[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

K\u00fd \u1ee9c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u01a1 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y hay ch\u1ed1n kia, ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00ecm l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng khi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y tai nghe \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh ng\u1ee3i khen hay ch\u00ea bai n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1. B\u00eanh v\u1ef1c t\u1edbi tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eedi r\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn mini. C\u00f3 bu\u1ed3n vui l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n. Th\u00ec ra ti\u1ebfng bom \u0111\u1ea1n s\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0ng nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i khai chi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i. Chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, \u00f4ng V\u00f5 V\u0103n Ki\u1ec7t, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong 1 b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n : \u201c..khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n 30 th\u00e1ng 4\/1975 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi vui v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u1ed3n..\u201d<\/em><\/strong> [3]<\/a>. C\u00e2u tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u00e0m \u00fd ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng hai th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

II. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 1975, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 19 \u0111\u1ebfn 23 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam 17 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 tri\u1ec7u; ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00f4i mi\u1ec1n tr\u00f2m tr\u00e8m 101 tri\u1ec7u. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf t\u01b0ng b\u1eebng v\u1edbi c\u1edd x\u00ed, bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef, h\u1ed3i k\u00fd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con ch\u00e1u, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch anh h\u00f9ng v\u00e0 hy sinh[4]<\/a>. H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y g\u00e3y s\u00fang, qu\u1ed1c h\u1eadn, m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f2n vui, c\u00f2n bu\u1ed3n. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u n\u00e0o vui, nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u n\u00e0o bu\u1ed3n? K\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1eadn vong th\u00e2n h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh ra cho k\u1ef9 th\u00ec s\u1ed1 tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n l\u00ean h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c, theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf\u00a0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00e0o quang v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n c\u0169<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean linh thi\u00eang t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c (\u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c xem nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c khai sinh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 !) b\u00ean kia h\u1eadn t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Vui<\/strong> ra sao, bu\u1ed3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong> Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc chung chung nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf vui hay bu\u1ed3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a tu\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n vui v\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, bu\u1ed3n v\u00ec tai ho\u1ea1? T\u1eeb l\u00e2u l\u1eafm trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf vui bu\u1ed3n. Vui \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng tr\u00ean x\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi[5]<\/a>. V\u00e0 nh\u1edd AI Suno …<\/em>t\u00f4i nghe l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 nghe h\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Vui bu\u1ed3n l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, vui h\u00e0i c\u1ea1n c\u1ee3t v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n l\u1eb7ng c\u00e2m n\u00edn trong n\u1ed7i s\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng t\u00ean, r\u1ea5t \u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ean. Bu\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 con, em, cha, m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong bom bay \u0111\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c hay trong l\u00f2ng bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 hay n\u01a1i hoang \u0111\u1ea3o. Vui v\u00ec con ch\u00e1u, h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc \u1edf \u00c2u M\u1ef9, bu\u1ed3n v\u00ec tin \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb giam v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft ng\u1ea1t trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu, \u0103n c\u1eafp v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan x\u01b0a \u2013 nay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vui bu\u1ed3n \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 \u1ea5y, trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, theo c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o, s\u1edf th\u00edch, th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i ho\u1eb7c d\u00e0i l\u00e2u. Chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng 60 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1 t\u00f4i th\u00edch m\u1eb7c \u00e1o d\u00e0i c\u1ed5 cao th\u1eaft eo con ki\u1ebfn, x\u00fa chi\u00eang nh\u1ecdn ho\u1eaft, l\u1ecdn (t\u00f3c b\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh) t\u00f3c u\u1ed1n qu\u0103n… \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ecdn t\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 v\u00e0 1970, t\u00f3c ng\u1eafn Jean Seberg, Sylvie Vartan.. c\u1eaft u\u1ed1n hay d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u00e1o d\u00e0i m\u00e0 v\u1ea1t ng\u1eafn t\u1ee7n, c\u1ed5 th\u1ea5p vu\u00f4ng<\/em> tr\u00f2n, tay \u00e1o raglan v\u00e0 eo r\u1ed9ng thong dong, \u00e1o d\u00e0i \u0111i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, may ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u t\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00e1o \u0111i ch\u01a1i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3u m\u00e0u, v\u1ebd th\u00eau, qu\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng voi th\u00eanh thang hay \u1ed1ng t\u00fam \u00f4m s\u00e1t c\u1ed5 ch\u00e2n. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 mini v\u00e1y ng\u1eafn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, robe \u00f4m ng\u1ef1c \/m\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 khi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \u00e1o ng\u1eafn, ch\u1ea1y ch\u1ee3 ch\u1ea1y g\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i. Khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, th\u1eddi trang v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0 nhi m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng nhi\/nh\u1ea5t ra …b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0 :\u00a0 t\u00e1i \u00f4ng th\u1ea5t m\u00e3\u2026T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c b\u00e0 trung l\u00e3o ni\u00ean m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ee5 hay ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n …ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, trang tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u1edbt tha trong \u00e1o d\u00e0i kim tuy\u1ebfn s\u01a1n v\u1ebd th\u00eau l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby hoa l\u00e1 c\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n. S\u1ed1ng qua th\u1eddi trang m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho n\u00ean hoa l\u00e1 r\u1ee5ng d\u1ea7n theo gi\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi…th\u1eddi trang, thanh thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef v\u00e1y mini hay mini t\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng (v\u00ec bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 mode th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) theo s\u00e1t th\u1eddi trang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo c\u00e1c minh tinh t\u00e0i t\u1eed, ca s\u0129 v\u00e0 \u201cdiva\u201d, c\u00e1c c\u1eadu qu\u00fd t\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft qu\u1ea7n loe<\/em> thu\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u00e1o d\u00e0i \u00f4m s\u00e1t, vai \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eeda T\u00e0u, n\u1eeda \u1ea4n, n\u1eeda M\u00e3 Lai, n\u1eeda Xi\u00eam …nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u1eefa n\u00ean khi pha tr\u1ed9n xong nh\u00ecn ra r\u1ea5t …\u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1!<\/p>\n

V\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u01b0\u1edbc ao bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u con g\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u1ee9ng hay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng xo\u1eafn n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ?<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i hay h\u01a1n, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i nh\u1edb nhung th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa? Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 v\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u00e1i?<\/em><\/p>\n

Hay ch\u1eb3ng qua b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u00f2 m\u00f2 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ea<\/strong>n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n?<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00ec nh\u1eefng d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201cqu\u1eb1n\u201d c\u1ee7a con giun b\u1ecb x\u00e9o? <\/em><\/p>\n

Hay gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb h\u01a1n sau \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb s\u1ed1ng trong to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111a…nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n?<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ebft, n\u00f3 ch\u1edd th\u1eddi. Th\u00ec ra h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thay \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac s\u00e2u xa b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \/\u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u00e2m \u1ef7! C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edf, cho d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf ra n\u00e0y b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 v\u00ec l\u00fd do sinh t\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nay, \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai (hay m\u1ed9t r\u01b0\u1ee1i!) b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 tha h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ee9a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi r\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, sinh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 bao nhi\u00eau gia \u0111\u00ecnh trung l\u01b0u b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 42 n\u0103m, h\u00e8 \u0111i ch\u01a1i, v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, xong n\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee9a s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebb con hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u01a1m b\u1eefa, t\u00ecm v\u1ee3 cho m\u00ecnh, cho con. G\u1ecdi nhau \u01a1i \u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui<\/em>.!? G\u1eedi nhau nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean r\u0103n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, th\u1ec3 thao …\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0i n\u0103m \u0111i ch\u01a1i, g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, t\u00e1n d\u00f3c cho vui?!<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng coi v\u1eady m\u00e0 n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady! <\/em><\/strong>Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 khi Nga g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn ra \u1edf Ukraine v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh ch\u1ea5p kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb pro Trump contre Trump, ch\u00ea v\u00e0 khen Putin… d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb sau c\u01a1n d\u1ecbch Covid 19 cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Israel v\u1edbi Iran …\u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn quanh t\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n s\u01a1 hay l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, trao \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c x\u1ed1n xang b\u1ee9t r\u1ee9t l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng m\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c, nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c, \u00e2u lo…kh\u00f4ng t\u00ean,\u00a0 n\u00ean t\u00f4i nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00e2u nay…\u00c1m \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t cao \u1ed1c tr\u01a1 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t, \u0111en kh\u00f3i…\u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ef1c d\u1eady nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c x\u01b0a c\u0169, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3n ma kinh ho\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng m\u00f9 s\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc dai d\u1eb3ng. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng cho d\u00f9 th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 qua t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u? Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam (<\/strong>sau cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn hay cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, t\u00f9y theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi), ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xoa d\u1ecbu th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh ra sao?<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u hoang mang, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e2n hoan vui s\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t sinh ra t\u1eeb v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau 1940 [6]<\/a>, khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tham gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/em> c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb tay Ph\u00e1p r\u1ed3i Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng chia l\u00eca, m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i u u\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, 50 n\u0103m nay ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf trong vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i v\u1eeba g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7i vui bu\u1ed3n?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y thanh b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1edbi nay \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, th\u00ec t\u00f4i, s\u1ebd n\u00ean vi\u1ebft g\u00ec n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t T\u00e1o qu\u00e2n<\/em> xa qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, tuy v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1i tim \u1edf l\u1ea1i, tuy nh\u1eadn b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a gia ch\u1ee7 qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1o qu\u00e2n thay th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u201ct\u1eeb thu\u1edf \u1ea5y<\/em>\u201d h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u tim b\u1eebng n\u1eafng h\u1ea1<\/em> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e2m th\u1ea7m m\u00e1u l\u1ec7 r\u1ec9 r\u1ea3<\/em>, ch\u01b0a m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n t\u00f4i \u00e2n c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi han s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb h\u1ecd b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ra sao. Cho n\u00ean b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 s\u1edb g\u1eedi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u00d4n c\u1ed1 tri t\u00e2n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m \u01a1n, c\u1ea3m \u01a1n l\u00f2ng can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3m \u01a1n \u00fd ch\u00ed qu\u1eadt c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, th\u1ea5m th\u00eda nh\u1eefng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t oan tr\u00e1i, th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>III. T\u00ednh s\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m v\u00e0 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

50 n\u0103m ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho ba th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng?<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang 2026, ng\u00e0nh b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m \u201c s\u1eafc B\u00e1o Xu\u00e2n 2026 <\/em><\/strong>\u201d tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u00e1o xu\u00e2n c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 c\u0169, ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u201ctruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i<\/em><\/strong>\u201d, tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u00e1o v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb genZ sinh vi\u00ean trong ng\u00e0nh b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. V\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2, kinh nghi\u1ec7m d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn quay v\u1ec1 Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u00e1i Lan hay M\u00e3 lai th\u0103m m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba, di t\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u0103ng tr\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ea1m tr\u00fa ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, ra m\u1eaft h\u1ed3i k\u00fd hay t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01a1n M\u1ef9, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Na Uy… \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt\/gi\u00fap d\u00e2n t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 Ch\u00e2u Thu\u1ef5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o 1980, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vietnamese Heritage Museum t\u1ea1i San Jose (California) –Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Di s\u1ea3n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t-<\/em>, n\u0103m 2016, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i<\/strong> \u201cm\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t T\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n\u201d tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o\u00a0 th\u00e1ng 11\/2025.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i khi du l\u1ecbch c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Do Th\u00e1i, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 M\u1ef9…th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn xem nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, ghi \u01a1n… \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd n\u00e2ng niu g\u00ecn gi\u1eef nh\u01b0 b\u00e1u v\u1eadt c\u00e1c k\u1ef7 v\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t, \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang sai.<\/p>\n

Th\u00ec ra, d\u00f9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ( vui\/bu\u1ed3n\/s\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1ed5) ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i ri\u00eang hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn,<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 can \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng di ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0y ngu\u1ed3n c\u01a1n. Cho ch\u00fang ta, K\u00fd \u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n n\u00e0o? K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 K\u00fd \u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh!.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean khi b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n quay v\u1ec1 b\u1ebfp c\u0169, ng\u1ea9n ng\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp design hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n n\u00fat b\u1ea5m hay \u00e1nh ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 ch\u1edbp lo\u00e9. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u00f9i tro than, d\u1ea7u ho\u1ea3 thay cho l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t ba ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7i ch\u1ee5m m\u00f9 m\u1ecbt kh\u00f3i cay, b\u00f3ng lo\u00e1ng kh\u00f4 ran s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, n\u1ed3i ni\u00eau ch\u00e9n d\u0129a x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o. T\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh, t\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7n gian… B\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u00ec b\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea5u b\u1ebfp c\u00f2n kia (v\u1edbi d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb tr\u00f2n tr\u1ecba h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, cao \u1ed1c ng\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u00e8n hoa s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c, c\u1ed9 xe h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n nh\u01b0…kh\u00f4ng! ) nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecfi han th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ghi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ra sao v\u00e0o c\u00e1i l\u00e1 s\u1edb g\u1edfi Ng\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng? H\u1ecfi gia ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng m\u1ea5t t\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 qua, ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn x\u00f3 b\u1ebfp n\u00e0y xin x\u1ecf cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4t h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec5n cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m? N\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u b\u1ea7m d\u1eadp tr\u00ean n\u1ebfp r\u1ea1n c\u0169, kh\u01a1i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e1 s\u1eb9o …(r\u1ed3i sao n\u1eefa?).<\/p>\n

Khi loay hoay tr\u0103n tr\u1edf t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t khung gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i t\u00ecnh c\u1edd nghe nh\u1eafc t\u00ean Boris Cyrulnik tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1ea1ng [7]<\/a>. Th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc \u00f4ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi gian tru\u00e2n m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tay m\u1eadt v\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 gestapo<\/strong> khi m\u1edbi 6 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, th\u1eed th\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, \u00f4ng c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u00a0 \u201cR\u00e9silience\u201d kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t do c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 kinh ho\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf, x\u1ea3y ra trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc hay k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

IV. Ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Cho n\u00ean khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p R\u00e9silience BC v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1eed nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A- T\u1eeb kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n<\/strong> khi c\u00f3 tranh ch\u1ea5p hay tai n\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, khi bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n, s\u1ebd g\u00e2y tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, lo \u00e2u, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd mu\u1ed1n quy\u00ean sinh, \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ecb hi\u1ebfp d\u00e2m, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp k\u1eb9t trong bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 hay tai n\u1ea1n m\u00e1y bay, v\u00e0 thi\u00ean tai b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi tai n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 qua, c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c hay \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u01a1i di\u1ec5n x\u00e1t mu\u1ed1i m\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169.<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Khi qu\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch, ng\u00e0y 11 Septembre 2001 c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng To\u00e0 th\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4i M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn cho d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Cu\u1ed9c truy l\u00f9ng th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m l\u00e2u d\u00e0<\/u>i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Anh, Ph\u00e1p .. khi t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch g\u00e2y ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng y\u00ean l\u00e0nh t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 70 n\u0103m nay.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean d\u00f9 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c d\u1ec5 kh\u01a1i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169 cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1eabn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n<\/em><\/strong> ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3<\/em><\/strong> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng to\u00e1n qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n mang s\u00fang tu\u1ea7n tra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gay g\u1eaft t\u1ea1i phi tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ebfn xe, c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng vv<\/em>…<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p; kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1eafn gi\u1ebft ban bi\u00ean t\u1eadp to\u00e0 so\u1ea1n b\u00e1o Charlie Hebdo[9]<\/a>, x\u1eed t\u1eed m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o hay m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u1eafn v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ho\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1m tr\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec1m nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i Paris khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft \u00e1n, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean ho\u00e0n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khi c\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbm ch\u1ea5p ch\u1edbi hay ti\u1ebfng ho \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y g\u00e2y b\u00e3o t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kia.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean chia c\u1eaft v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 mang\u00a0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y<\/strong>?<\/p>\n

ESPT <\/strong>\u00c9tat de Stress Post Traumatique (Ph\u00e1p – hay Anh ng\u1eef: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD\u00a0 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5<\/strong> nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. C\u00e1c <\/em>bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m d\u00e0i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n, \u00fd ngh\u0129 quy\u00ean sinh, \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng dai d\u1eb3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi kinh kh\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc.[10]<\/a> C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u sau th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ea9m nang, khi bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 x\u1ea3y ra, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh : c\u01a1 quan y t\u1ebf\/ph\u00f2ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3\/kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 (cellules de crises) , b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n…g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 chuy\u00ean gia t\u00e2m l\u00fd, b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc v.v.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B- …\u0110\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh- n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, hay tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng- v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean th\u1eddi gian cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 hai cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn (d\u00e0i 4 v\u00e0 6 n\u0103m v\u1edbi<\/strong> 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 70 \u0111\u1ebfn 85 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft cho m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn) x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t ngo\u00e0i n\u1ed7i \u0111au tang t\u00f3c h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111i t\u1edbi, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eddi\u00a0 s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i thay, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc di d\u1eddi theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u1eafng, c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n chia tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi : nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng tay \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea5t t\u00ean, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e1 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Ba qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh 6 theo hai th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ph\u00e2n chia Nam & B\u1eafc nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n; \u0110\u00f4ng & T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc, l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u00e1c di ch\u1ea5n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quy m\u00f4.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb 1948, sau nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ebb t\u1ebb, ri\u00eang tr\u1eadn l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1950, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Nam H\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o M\u1ef9, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Trung qu\u1ed1c tham chi\u1ebfn. Ch\u1ec9 sau ba n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ebfn 1953, kho\u1ea3ng 4 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n t\u1eed tr\u1eadn m\u1ed7i b\u00ean t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn cho bi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n mang c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. <\/strong>\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1eafng hay b\u1ea1i, sau 10, 20 v\u00e0 50 n\u0103m, \u0110\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, M\u1ef9…\u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai b\u1ecb c\u1eaft, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea5t c\u00f2n nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c.H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1[11]<\/a> l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng hay u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m, do quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay kinh t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. D\u00e2n Palestine d\u1ea3i Gaza, b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Do Th\u00e1i t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00ec truy l\u00f9ng Hamas, d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ukraine b\u1ecb bom v\u00e0 ho\u1ea3 ti\u1ec5n Nga t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n c\u1eadn b\u1ecb ho\u1ea1 l\u00e2y khi g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n. C\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi Ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 Sudan, Nigeria. Xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Afghanistan v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u201cgi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u201c hai phe \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau M\u1ef9, Nga.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Kampuchea…sau th\u00e1ng 4\/1975 c\u0169ng li\u00ean mi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c va ch\u1ea1m ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec tranh ch\u1ea5p bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u2013 T\u00e0u, nh\u01b0 Pakistan \u2013 \u1ea4n, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 Th\u00e1i Lan \u2013 Cambodia[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ngo\u00e0i chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u00e1c l\u00fd do g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb[13]<\/a>, c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u00f2ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n ho\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1[14]<\/a>. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh hay d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng c\u00e0ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd, c\u0103m th\u00f9\u00a0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1eefa B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u mang d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3.<\/em> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0 V\u00e0 v\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9\/ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 ra trong ph\u1ea7n sau.<\/p>\n

Khi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00f9 m\u1ecbt, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, theo c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh tr\u00ean, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t tr\u00ean ba ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t hai mi\u1ec1n Nam B\u1eafc sau h\u01a1n 20 n\u0103m n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn (1954-1975), v\u00e0 <\/em>c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u t\u1edbi 10 tri\u1ec7u hay h\u01a1n n\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n nay trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t chia l\u00eca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i hay t\u00e1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u ( xem l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa th\u00edch 18) khi ta t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u1ed3i k\u00fd xu\u1ea5n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o cho k\u1ebb b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n Nam (sau 1975), v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u1edf B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam (1954 v\u00e0 1975). Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c phe b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn (xem th\u00eam ch\u00fa th\u00edch 39).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn R\u00e9silience <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p M\u1ef9 Nga[15]<\/a> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thua tr\u1eadn phe tr\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt \u00dd… ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t, thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn tranh (\u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt), t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, khi nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u M\u1ef9\u00a0 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 khi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p Boris Cyrulnik l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

1. Boris Cyrulnik<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Boris Cyrulnik (BC) s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, b\u00e1c s\u0129 th\u1ea7n kinh chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/strong> R\u00e9silience.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9silience trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1eadt tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0169 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 kim lo\u1ea1i sau khi b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o, k\u00e9o c\u0103ng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t l\u1ef1c. Trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c t\u00e1i sinh (<\/strong>v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua\/ nh\u1ea3y b\u1eadt<\/em>) t\u1eeb \u0111au kh\u1ed5<\/strong> \u201d kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u do Edward Bowlby, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II.<\/p>\n

BC \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00e9silience l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf ch\u00ednh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong>[16]<\/a>. Nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4ng \u00c2u khi b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c (Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3) chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i [17]<\/a>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh BC g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i (cha ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraine v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 Portugal, sang Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1930 v\u00e0 BC sinh ng\u00e0y 26-7-1937 khi cha m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft trong tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung, ri\u00eang \u00f4ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 4 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha m\u1eb9 g\u1edfi gi\u1ea5u \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng hai n\u0103m sau, trong tr\u1eadn c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Bordeaux, ch\u00fa b\u00e9 BC b\u1ecb b\u1eaft nh\u1ed1t chung v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb con kh\u00e1c trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi di chuy\u1ec3n ra kh\u1ecfi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung, ch\u00fa nhanh tr\u00ed tr\u1ed1n l\u1ea1i trong c\u1ea7u ti\u00eau v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 y t\u00e1 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n. Sau chi\u00ean tranh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00ec ru\u1ed9t duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. L\u1edbn l\u00ean BC\u00a0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e1c s\u0129, chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u phong tr\u00e0o, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i qua nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch[18]<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trao t\u1eb7ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u00e9silience t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9<\/em><\/strong>i quan tr\u1ecdng trong quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 k\u1ec3<\/em> l\u1ea1i<\/strong> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u01a1n \u0111au t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi (douleur) \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 s\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> bi thi\u1ebft (souffrance) v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u00e1i gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, v\u00ec c\u01a1n \u0111au \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn sau. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/strong>( trong h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n\/ b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn, b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu) hay v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt<\/strong> (\u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, thi ca, h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng). M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, –<\/em> \u00fd ngh\u0129a oxymore trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn BC- con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt duy nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft k\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean[19]<\/a>. Khi k\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u1eeba nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

2. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c[20]<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: <\/em><\/strong>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/strong> cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch nghi t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 <\/strong>k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh; t\u00ecm \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 do trong kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, \u0111au kh\u1ed5. <\/strong>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i\u00a0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i\u00a0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1ea1c quan, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0ng \u0111i<\/u> t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/u>, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n; nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai <\/u><\/p>\n

* Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c b\u1eadt hay h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c <\/em>gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung: Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng xem kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t\u00a0 b\u1ea9m sinh m\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/u> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua s\u1ef1 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i<\/u> nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng quan t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb t\u00e2m l\u00fd, h\u00e0n g\u1eafn c\u00e1c v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0 theo th\u1eddi gian, kinh nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac :<\/p>\n

* Khi th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 x\u1ea3y ra hay l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng hoang mang, ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3, bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, im l\u1eb7ng, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, lo \u00e2u, tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 khi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nguy c\u01a1 th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n,…l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb c\u1ea3m x\u00fac\/k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 ho\u1eb7c chuy\u00ean gia t\u00e2m l\u00fd gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n. Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \/qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cg\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n\u201d r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ( xin xem l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa th\u00edch 18)<\/p>\n

* C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n – ngo\u00e0i n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c + t\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1c quan, \u00fd ch\u00ed qu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi, th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v.v. k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb gien v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c + t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh,v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t, cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>V. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh ra sao.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Do v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a R\u00e9silience l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi, tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady t\u1eeb \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Trong ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Do Th\u00e1i, \u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n, Kampuchea v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 cho t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

*T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eebng g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi :<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u trong 2 th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn: \u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c. Sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh<\/em> v\u1edbi v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3ng[22]<\/a> (chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m hay n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn : Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Kampuchea, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ea5y th\u1eadp ni\u00ean.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0129 m\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, ghi nh\u1edb, bi\u1ebft \u01a1n…Ch\u00fang gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 \u201c khung”\u00a0 cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb suy s\u1ee5p, ph\u00e1t huy h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 hay t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00fap chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a “ti\u1ebfng h\u00e9t h\u00e3i h\u00f9ng” <\/em>th\u00e0nh “l\u1eddi t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf bom r\u01a1i \u1edf Hiroshima v\u00e0 Nagasaki nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn sau. Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cam nh\u1eadn gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c Do Th\u00e1i, \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ebf h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o n\u00e0y[23]<\/a> c\u0169ng nh\u1edd b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110<\/em>\u1ee9c:<\/em> T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c thua tr\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, tan t\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 m\u1ea1ng Hitler, b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 chia \u0111\u00f4i <\/u>b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn n\u0103m 1949 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh 50 n\u0103m sau :<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em> v\u00e0\u00a0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

– T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Marshall c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh), theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/em> v\u00e0 li\u00ean bang c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

Hai qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn\/ b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t h\u1eb3n nhau b\u1eb1ng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u0103n \u0111\u00f4i hai th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 do b\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng x\u00e2y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c trong hai kh\u1ed1i[24]<\/a>; l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c Honecker hy v\u1ecdng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1 Linh s\u1ebd tr\u1ee5 v\u1eefng th\u00eam 50 t\u1edbi 100 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 b\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang (\u0111\u00f4ng) \u0110\u1ee9c leo l\u00ean ph\u00e1 s\u1eadp \u0111\u00eam 9 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1989, T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u00eam th\u1eafm th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, cu\u1ed9c chia c\u00e1ch non n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 1200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 600 b\u1ecb l\u00ednh gi\u1eef t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft trong s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n 100.000 m\u01b0u toan v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

* C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc<\/em>: Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec chia c\u1eaft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00ec c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i phong \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 100 gi\u1ea3i Nobel c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, khoa h\u1ecdc\u2026 ch\u1ec9 sau M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Anh.<\/p>\n

Khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1 Linh b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1eadp, k\u00e9o theo sau \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tan r\u00e3 kh\u1ed1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Goodbye Lenine<\/em>, La vie des autres <\/em>l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phim k\u1ec3 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong khoa h\u1ecdc hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh (tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t v\u0103n ho\u00e1).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 \u00a0s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c “qu\u00ean \u0111i”, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c “c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a”.<\/em> Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung, l\u00f2 thi\u00eau, ph\u00f2ng x\u1ea3 h\u01a1i ng\u1ea1t…v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef5 hi\u1ec1m b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 t\u00e0i ba trong nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3: Angela Merkel, n\u00f3i l\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Angela Merkel xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, sanh n\u0103m 1954,\u00a0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c tinh hoa \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c, v\u1ed1n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o k\u00e8m nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chung s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n c\u0169 v\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

* <\/em>M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t gi\u00fap ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh: <\/em>Do Th\u00e1i, Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u1ea3 ba d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t, ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean \u0111i hay kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 [25]<\/a> Kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1eebng l\u1eaby c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 y h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v.v.<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Do Th\u00e1i (Israel) d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 10 tri\u1ec7u [26]<\/a>, PIB ch\u1ec9 thua Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 M\u1ef9..t\u00ednh theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang l\u1ecbch s\u1eed M\u1ef9 (d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn 2 v\u00e0) n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn 5 n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho h\u1eadu du\u1ec7. Phim Gone <\/em>W<\/em>ith <\/em>T<\/em>he <\/em>W<\/em>ind<\/em> c\u1ee7a V. Fleming theo ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u00f9ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Margaret Mitchell[27]<\/a>, Cold <\/em>M<\/em>ou<\/em>n<\/em>tains<\/em> phim Anthony Mighella. S\u00e1ch v\u1edf phim \u1ea3nh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd (th\u00ed d\u1ee5 L<\/em>iste de Schindle<\/em>r, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 12 <\/em>Y<\/em>ears <\/em>S<\/em>laves<\/em>, U<\/em>nchained Django<\/em>, ) b\u1eb1ng phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hay ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e1 s\u1eed qua c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. <\/em>N\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: <\/em>\u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc H\u00e0n (Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean). Hai \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, kh\u00e1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1ef1 do hay \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t. Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do, ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng tay Trung C\u1ed9ng, nhi\u1ec1u tham v\u1ecdng n\u00ean th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng \u00e1i ng\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u0103m d\u1ecda v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn th\u1eed ho\u1ea3 ti\u1ec5n tr\u1eadt vu\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang Vi\u1ec7t Nam so v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean\/ Thanh, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n, Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng v\u00e2n v\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00e1nh th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e1m g\u1ecdi qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u0103ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Kampuchea v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, BC nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf r\u01a1i sau th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cd\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng\u201d cho Do Th\u00e1i, Kampuchea; l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3, c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang Kampuchea, ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 tuy r\u00f9ng r\u1ee3n kh\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m b\u1ecb nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a v\u00e0 k\u1ebft \u00e1n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Holocauste; ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Kampuch\u00e9a d\u00e9mocratique <\/em>(17\/04\/1975 – 7\/01\/1979) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 1,5 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (tu\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh theo th\u1eddi gian) v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i danh \u201cdi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

B\u1ecb l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 (Pol Pot v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng cs khmer \u0111\u1ecf) tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n theo ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu Trung c\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c t\u1ea3<\/strong> qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch; thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t gestapo th\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, t\u1eeb trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp danh s\u00e1ch t\u1eed t\u1ed9i, gi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chi\u00eam v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t, gi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ng\u1ee5c hay \u0111ao th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3n b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i hay nghi ng\u1edd. Ngo\u00e0i phim The Killing Field<\/em> (1984) v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n trong th\u1eddi Shihanouk v\u00e0 Lon nol r\u1ed3i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n khmer \u0111\u1ecf[29]<\/a> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Rithy Panh [30]<\/a>, Angelina Jolie c\u0169ng l\u00e0m phim v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Anh M\u1ef9 Ph\u00e1p[31]<\/a> vv. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh ch\u1ee9ng l\u1eddi BC.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t,<\/em><\/strong> (ch\u00fa th\u00edch 19): ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed; g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eb1m c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng: to\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a Bertrand Russell n\u0103m 1967, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3 bom \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hay \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, t\u00e0n s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n do M\u1ef9 hay \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n[32]<\/a>. Nh\u1eefng khu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf ng\u1ecf hay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

\u0110a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh sinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1975, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb trong d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh danh l\u1ea1i xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thi nhau k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n anh h\u00f9ng x\u00f4ng pha bom \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc huy ho\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 x\u01b0a – ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu si, h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t, ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c – \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i b\u00ean l\u1ec1, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y b\u1ecb t\u00edch thu, con ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng \u201c\u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m\u201d v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ed3ng cha, anh, em b\u1ecb giam t\u00f9 3 n\u0103m, 5 n\u0103m, 10 n\u0103m ngay sau ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang …H\u1ecd s\u1ebd nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 sau 10, 20 hay 50 n\u0103m cho l\u0169 tr\u1ebb? S\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e2m n\u00edn [33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng x\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n chia giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a apartheid. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t gian nan \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea7n th\u00edch nghi t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u0169ng gian nan kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3m nguy trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng[34]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt v\u00e0 cho n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i c\u00e1c qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 g\u00e2y kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y ngay b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9. \u00cdt ai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 anh, em, ch\u1ed3ng, cha, c\u1eadu ch\u00fa…\u0111ang l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a, l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, b\u1ed7ng b\u1eb7t tung t\u00edch v\u00ec b\u1ecb t\u00f9 (c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o hay t\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean) hay ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, trong r\u1eebng\u2026C\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n h\u1ed3i k\u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00f9 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm[35]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cho \u0111a s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169, \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u00ec h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eadt d\u1eady h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc\u00a0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c[36]<\/a>. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1eed gia v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ed1c ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n, vi\u1ebft h\u1ed3i k\u00fd v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n t\u00f9 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o[38]<\/a> v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n, chuy\u1ec7n \u0111i kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i k\u00fd ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, con ch\u00e1u. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch. Qua nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng tin r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 con ch\u00e1u (v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) bi\u1ebft m\u1ea3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ea th\u1ea3m sau khi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o y t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 quay v\u1ec1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng qua 3 \u0111\u1ee3t ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 1975, cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 v\u1edbi thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n boat people, \u0111\u1ee3t 1980 -1990 [39]<\/a>( 850 000 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean ) d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh nh\u1edd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng minh qua h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (tuy l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c phe b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn!) nh\u01b0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y!? Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung cho nh\u1eefng trang s\u1eed b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 \u1edf qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng[40]<\/a>. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean khi t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au khi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p + th\u00eam s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 trong tri th\u1ee9c, th\u00eam t\u1ef1 \u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef g\u00ecn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng khi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hay h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u00f2 m\u00f2 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5y ra khe h\u1edf hay v\u00f4 l\u00fd\u00a0 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c qua kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng phi ch\u00e1nh th\u1ed1ng. Youtube, podcast Facebook s\u00e1ch v\u1edf h\u1ed3i k\u00fd l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh ngo\u00e0i lu\u1ed3ng ebook v,v v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, qua c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, hay ri\u00eang t\u01b0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, qua \u00f4ng b\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin, qua phim \u1ea3nh, th\u01a1 nh\u1ea1c c\u0169.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c: ho\u00e0i nghi, ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch v\u00e0 \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m hay bu\u00f4ng xu\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 truy \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u0103n l\u00f9ng, b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng hay theo h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Hu\u1ef3nh Duy Th\u1ee9c, gia \u0111\u00ecnh C\u1ea5n Th\u1ecb Th\u00eau, Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb \u0110oan Trang… \u0111\u00e3 qua (tuy h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef, tr\u1eeb THDT), th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd thi\u1ec7t\/gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 qua nh\u01b0ng hy v\u1ecdng v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean khi nghe c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0 D\u01b0a Leo<\/em>, Nh\u00e2n (kh\u00f4ng) n\u00f3i nh\u1ea3m,<\/em> Phan Thu\u00fd H\u00e0, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00ednh<\/em>, N\u00f3i hay Ch\u1ebft <\/em>\u2026, kh\u00e1n th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3; \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ng\u1eadm ng\u00f9i nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 g\u00f2 b\u00f3 trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 d\u00f9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tuy ch\u1eadm m\u00e0 ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 * Nh\u00e2n n\u00f3i nh\u1ea3m<\/em>, khi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh phim n\u00f3i chung hay Qu\u00e1n K\u1ef3 Nam c\u1ee7a Leon L\u00ea ( v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Minh Ng\u1ecdc) v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft n\u1eeda v\u1eddi hay b\u1ecf ng\u1ecf. N\u00e9t nh\u0103n m\u00e0y, b\u0129u m\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i (r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 duy\u00ean) c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n r\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n \u201ct\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t\u201d lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c poscast c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i em lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c x\u01b0a r\u1ea5t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c em h\u00e1t \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e2u (tuy \u0111a ph\u1ea7n sai gi\u1ecdng).<\/p>\n

Xem D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00ednh TV <\/em>khi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 VNCH c\u0169 hay oan \u1ee9c L\u1ed9c V\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00ec h\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed7 H\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ed7 Trung Qu\u00e2n, L\u00ea Nguy\u1ec5n, Tu\u1ea5n Khanh… l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho r\u00e9silience theo Boris Cyrulnik, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u00ednh danh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft hay ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ng\u00e0y nay. It nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng trang s\u1eed b\u1ecb b\u00f4i b\u00e1c v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n Nam thua tr\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, v\u0103n ho\u00e1.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng RFI, BBC c\u0169ng th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c em c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi can \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u00e1t khao s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nghe s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb (Nh\u00e2n hay n\u00f3i ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u201cnh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m\u201d c\u1ee7a tin t\u1ee9c do truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.)<\/p>\n

Tuy \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac (t\u00f4i) th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m c\u00e1c em c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t th\u00ec gi\u1edd c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng tin, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5n v\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, thay v\u00ec vui ch\u01a1i, h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh hay ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, vui m\u1eebng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c: S\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng, \u1edf nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri, \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. M\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n can \u0111\u1ea3m s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00dd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u00e1o b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 : m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00f3c nh\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi hang, d\u00f2m quanh qu\u1ea5t nghe ng\u00f3ng r\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 L\u1ee5c V\u00e2n Ti\u00ean, l\u1ea1i c\u00f5ng m\u1eb9 tr\u1edf v\u00f4,<\/em> th\u1eadt ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng xin v\u1edbt v\u00e1t: c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fat can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ee5ng c\u1ed9t nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7u mong Ng\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf soi x\u00e9t cho l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u, ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 an vui t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c con ch\u00e1u t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Phan Th\u1ecb Tr\u1ecdng Tuy\u1ebfn<\/span><\/h3>\n

13\/02\/2026 – 2\/03\/2026<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng; c\u00e1c bloc\/c\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch ng\u00e0y \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1edd m\u1ecfng, in ch\u1eef tr\u1eafng \u0111en v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf ghi r\u00f5 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb, ng\u00e0y l\u00e0nh th\u00e1ng t\u1ed1t cho nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea1nh l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111a s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m, \u0111\u0103m chi\u00eau, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ecbn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi ch\u00e0o, c\u00e1m \u01a1n hay t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m k\u00edch khi \u0111\u01b0a tay nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9c \u0103n t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. V\u00ec qu\u00e1 m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t? V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ni\u1ec1m tin n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef g\u00ecn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1?<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong d\u1ecbp s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n \u0103n m\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 30 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng 30\/04\/1975.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00e0i \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn : Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi ngu\u1ef5 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ef5, ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ho\u00e0 d\u1ecbu\u00a0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 L\u00ea V\u0103n T\u00e1m, V\u00f5 Th\u1ecb S\u00e1u, 16 t\u1ea5n v\u00e0ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec7u, v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trong T\u1ebft M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n \u1edf Hu\u1ebf v.v.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> v\u00ec thi\u00ean tai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong <\/strong>ni\u1ec1m vui, v\u00ec x\u00f3t xa \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u thay th\u1ebf<\/strong> t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, <\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng<\/strong> cho nhau n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi <\/em>hay cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e0 l\u00e0 <\/strong>c\u00f2n s\u1ea7u mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho nhau theo V\u0169 Th\u00e0nh An, nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng S\u01a1n <\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n<\/strong> h\u00e1t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/em>kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 n\u00e0o<\/strong> ph\u1ea3i chong \u0111\u00e8n ng\u1ed3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a <\/em>v\u00e2n v\u00e2n v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t<\/strong> nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi L\u00e3o t\u1eed v\u1ec1 ph\u00fac ho\u1ea1 hay v\u1ec1 s\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y?. Vui v\u00ec<\/strong> nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 b\u00e1c trong ng\u00e0y vui \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng, <\/em>vui kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ra tr\u1eadn m\u00f9a n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb9p l\u1eafm. <\/em>Vui v\u00ec<\/strong> con \u0111i\u201c <\/em>lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hay l\u00e0m d\u00e2u\u201d \u1edf <\/strong>\u0110\u00e0i Loan Nh\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n,<\/em> \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f4ng \u00c2uHai ch\u1eef xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u <\/em>nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng, v\u1eeba m\u1edbi g\u00e2y s\u00f3ng t\u1ef1 \u00e1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 50 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh t\u1eeb 1925 \u0111\u1ebfn 1930, nh\u01b0 cha m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i, s\u1ed1ng qua hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn- ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 -, \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi \u201c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f9ng h\u1ed3i k\u00fd. Ri\u00eang cha t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean nh\u1eefng trang gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng!<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mentorshow (https:\/\/mtor.sh\/evenement-resilience<\/a> les cl\u00e9s de la R\u00e9lisience Ed 2026, <\/em>b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u 5 ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi 5 chuy\u00ean gia t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc qua zoom, ch\u1ea9n b\u1ec7nh, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p th\u1eafc m\u1eafc mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n…<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y: m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 b\u00e9 17 tu\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 t\u1eed v\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc tr\u00eau ch\u1ecdc h\u00e0 hi\u1ebfp-Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb ch\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c thu\u1ed1c ng\u1ee7 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp r\u1ed3i quay phim- M\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb ch\u1ed3ng ghen t\u1ea9m x\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, g\u00e2y b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c n\u01a1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00ec c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t bi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 . M\u1ed9t \u00f4ng cha c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 h\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch gi\u1ebft. vv<\/p>\n

C\u00e1 th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xoa d\u1ecbu an \u1ee7i hay khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c do l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m hay c\u1ea3 t\u1ec9nh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc tham d\u1ef1 v\u1edbi bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 tang, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n hay bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd (Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 la marche blanche. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb B\u1ec9, sau v\u1ee5 Dutroux, cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1edd x\u00ed bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o tr\u1eafng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 t\u00e0i ba chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i ch\u00e2m ch\u00edch, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd v\u1ebd b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh b\u1ecb nh\u00f3m qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc ch\u00ed t\u00f4n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u s\u1ed1ng trong n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Nga v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. \u0110a s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t\u00a0\u00a0 c\u1ea9m nang ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n,tr\u1eef th\u1ee9c \u0103n, \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u01a1ng v.v.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cChi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb m\u1edbi che m\u1eaft th\u1ebf gian khi ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ng\u1ed3i nh\u00e0 b\u1ea5m n\u00fat ph\u00e1o k\u00edch qua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Cambodge= Kampuchea ou Royaume du Cambodge=Combodia;\u00a0 Kampuchea d\u00e9mocratique t\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi khmer rouge<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn, t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 Nga ho\u00e0ng &Staline, Trung Hoa v\u1edbi Mao Tse Tsung -Tsang Kai chek…con s\u1ed1 Con s\u1ed1 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n do nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a S. Courtois \u0111\u01b0a ra trong Le livre noir du communisme<\/em> (S\u00e1ch \u0111en v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n) – n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Stalie & Mao 85 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 tri\u1ec7u \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u Kam puchea , B\u1eafc H\u00e0n v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Cuba ( c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La tinh va Phi ch\u00e2u) \u2013 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1eed h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (dissidents) b\u1ecb xem c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n. Xem ti\u1ebfp ch\u00fa th\u00edch 9<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung lao c\u1ea3i hay lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ebft to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Con s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 100 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng ( kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa – \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 27 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 20 tri\u1ec7u)<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 BC c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u201c Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u1ebft trong ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch\u201d \u201cB\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u00fac v\u1eadt\u201d . Khi cha m\u1eb9 nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea5u BC trong n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam, b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fa b\u00e9 BC l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ch\u00f3…C\u00f3 l\u1ebd\u00a0 Crawford Stanley \u201cBuzz\u201d Holling, sinh n\u0103m 1930 t\u1ea1i Canada sau 1957 \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Florida…\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Resilience- t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stockholm Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n, Santa Fe institut, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u201c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean\u201d.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u00e0 b\u00ed m\u1eadt: K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1eadp trung ( t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd nh\u01b0 Ba Lan v\u00e0 Nga..)v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i\u00a0 v\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang \u201cb\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt\u201d( t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh, c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, du m\u1ee5c -gitans-..) b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i ng\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea3 thi\u00eau x\u00e1c h\u1ecd sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t : Un merveilleux malheur<\/em>, M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi; les vilains petits canard<\/em>, Nh\u1eefng con v\u1ecbt x\u1ea5u x\u00ed; parler d amour au bord du gouffre<\/em> :,. N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Quarante voleurs en carence affective<\/em> 40 t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng (2023)<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a>\u00a0 Tant que les lapins n\u2019auront pas d\u2019historiens de lapins, l\u2019histoire sera racont\u00e9e par les chasseurs<\/em>. Howard Zinn en exergue : khi th\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eed- gia-v\u1ec1- th\u1ecf th\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ecf l\u00e0 (ph\u1ea3i) do t\u00ean th\u1ee3 s\u0103n k\u1ec3.(Khi tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 <\/strong>K\u00fd \u1ee9c, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean<\/em> c\u1ee7a Paul Ricoeur). Basillach c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc L\u1ecbch s\u1eed do k\u1ebb th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft <\/em>trong quy\u1ec3n Fr\u00e8res ennemis- anh em th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch- <\/em>: l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00ec lu\u00f4n l\u01b0\u00f4n do k\u1ebb th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn vi\u1ebft k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Michael Rutter, <\/strong>Ann Masten, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Minnesota\u00a0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb con, trong Ordinary Magic<\/em>: Resilience Processes in Development<\/em> –\u00a0 Viktor Frankl (\u00c1o) Man\u2019s Search for Meaning (l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft logotherapy) ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t Nh\u00f3m APA<\/strong> (American Psychatric Association c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 \u1edf M\u1ef9 1844 v\u1edbi c\u1ea9m nang Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea R\u1ed1i loan t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) xu\u1ea5t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 1952, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay (2015 xb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 5. DSM-Ursula Nuber v\u00e0 Judih Hermantrong Trauma and Recovery 3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n : an to\u00e0n-l\u1eddi n\u00f3i – k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u00a0Yehuda Bauer Holocaust & k\u00fd \u1ee9c Do Th\u00e1i Nicolas Abraham & Maria Torok <\/em>The Shell and the Kernel h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau, qua im l\u1eb7ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m x\u00fac.Heonik Kwon Ghosts of War in Vietnam n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Ma v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u h\u1ed3n n\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng g\u00e2y ra do l\u00ednh Nam H\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

Christina Schwenkel\u00a0 The American War in Contemporary Vietnam<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> * Maurice Halbwachs (1877-1945) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 BC, g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i,\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eado \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 k\u00fd \u1ee9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 la m\u00e9moire collective trong Cadres sociaux de la m\u00e9moire<\/em> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n H\u1ed3i \u1ee9c hay nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0 Cathy Carauth (Unclaimed Experience<\/em>) . T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1edbi “Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn” b\u00e0 Caruth \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3,<\/p>\n

* Paul Ricoeur gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Hermeutique v\u00e0 Phenomenologie trong quy\u1ec3n La M\u00e9moire, l histoire et l\u2019oubli<\/em> K\u00fd \u1ee9c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean<\/em>, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u<\/strong> v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/strong> m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u0103n qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Xin xem c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 Retroject c\u1ee7a Mai Thanh Truy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a>. T\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang v\u00ec ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1; Indonesia, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam thu\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 Lan \u2013 Pays Bas- v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Anh khi Anh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt, t\u1eeb 1945 \u0111\u1ebfn 1948 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/u> (C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o) v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/u>(c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n), nh\u01b0ng (v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u1ea1i giao) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u201cd\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn d\u00e0i l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Do Th\u00e1i : t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Shoah l\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\/t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ca ng\u1ee3i hay gi\u00e8m pha \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 s\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u0169. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e8o n\u00e0n h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do c\u0169 b\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0i m\u1ea3ng t\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9m Ba Lan, Roumanie v\u00ec nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n Ng\u00e0y nay PIB c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t 4305 t\u1ef7 euros (2024) khi Ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec v\u1edbi 2920 t\u1ef7…<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n (ch\u00fa th\u00edch 3), \u00f4ng Ki\u1ec7t n\u00f3i th\u00eam \u201c c\u1ea7n kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9…\u201d , v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0ng b\u1eebng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ai bu\u1ed3n th\u00ec n\u00ean qu\u00ean qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111i.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 17 v\u1edbi gdp tr\u00ean 50 000 usd (2024)ngo\u00e0i 3 Nobel ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ( Begin, Peres, Rabin \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/em> kh\u00e1c Kissinger L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd) Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f2n 11 gi\u1ea3i Nobel trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c Khoa h\u1ecdc, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, Israel c\u0169ng c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t (t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u usvietnam.uoregon.edu\/thuy\u00ean-nhan-vi\u00eat-nam-o-israel\/)theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u do nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Nam d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 E. Hemingway v\u1edbi Chu\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi h\u1ed3n ai (For whom the bell tolls<\/em>) n\u1ed5i danh sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng -c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c – t\u1ef1 t\u1eed v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 \u2013 1961. C\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng FBI c\u00f3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 t\u1eed n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 sao ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi. Sam wood th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n phim c\u00f9ng t\u00ean.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Ng\u00e0y nay Kampuchea x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb\u00a0 hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadr di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y ( 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 n\u0103m t\u00f9 v\u00e0 2500 \u0111\u1ebfn 125000 usd ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1t)<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a>\u00a0 Douch, Khieu Samphan Nuon Chea b\u1ecb x\u1eed v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1ed3ng trong bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 kinh ho\u00e0ng qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 qua phim \u1ea3nh d\u00f9 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 x\u1ea3y ra cho Kampuchia khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 11 tu\u1ed5i S21 la machine de mort khmere rouge<\/em> (2002)\u00a0 S21 c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y t\u1eed th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a khmer \u0111\u1ecf, L\u2019\u00e9limination, l\u2019image manquante, la paix avec des morts <\/em>( vi\u1ebft chung v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Christophe Bataille) Cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng\/to\u00e1n, Thi\u1ebfu B\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh\/ Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh, Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t. (L\u00e0m ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft<\/em> ) v\u00e0 phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u B\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh thi\u1ebfu <\/em>\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo sach Cu\u1ed9c Thanh Tr\u1eebng <\/em>\u0111\u1ef1\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Cannes.Phim m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t Rendez- vous avec Pol Pot<\/em>\u00a0 Bu\u1ed5i h\u1eb9n v\u1edbi Pol Pot, s\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 David Chandler, Ben Kiernan, JM Margolin, O.Weber vv<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ef9 Lai, H\u00e0 My.<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hay n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh…M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, \u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1edfng\u00a0 th\u00ec h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 VN l\u00e0m… t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. H\u1ed1i h\u1eadn c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n? V\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa ? C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh trong link sau ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a phe th\u1eafng https:\/\/tuoitre.vn\/gan-30-nam-sau-chien-tranh-nhieu-nguoi-van-con-stress-24636.htm#:~:text<\/a>=<\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n, \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, b\u1eaft \u201cng\u1ee5y\u2019 l\u00ean sinh s\u1ed1ng khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i hoang vu kh\u00f4ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1eaft c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p hay s\u0129 quan v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o, x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00fd l\u1ecbch s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc th\u00ed sinh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hay t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m.Cho n\u00ean ra \u0111i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1edbi khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/em><\/p>\n

[34]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1eeb\u00a0 1975 \u0111\u1ebfn 1985 theo b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1, 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean, 600.000 tr\u1ed1n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 200 000 (\u0111\u1ebfn 500000?)\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1edbi b\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 2019 c\u00f3 39 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean (sang Anh qu\u1ed1c) b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft ng\u1ea1t trong xe ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 H\u1ed3i k\u00fd qu\u1ed1c gia <\/em><\/strong>: ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb tr\u00ean site n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c websites kh\u00e1c. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c vi\u1ebft\/k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u00dac, Canada, M\u1ef9, Ph\u00e1p vv<\/p>\n

Vbpm.com.au, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1edbi xin cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1 \u01a1n<\/em>,\u00a0 h\u1ed3i k\u00fd t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n( T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i Thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n VI\u1ec6T NAM). <\/em>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Jana Lipman ( t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t M\u1ef9) xb 2020 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 1975 \u0111\u1ebfn 1990…\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1ed3i k\u00fd L\u00e2m Ho\u00e0ng M\u1ea1nh<\/em><\/strong>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ed1c Hoa, ra \u0111i t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169 (ch\u00fa th\u00edch 38).<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 1 r\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 2 & 3 \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hay v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Thanh Vi\u1ec7t, Ocean V\u01b0\u01a1ng…c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0 ch\u1ea5n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u00fa th\u00edch 42<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 John Prados, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2022 La guerre du Viet Nam<\/em> 1955-1975 (xb 2011), Tm Obrien ( The things they carried ) Neil Sheehan, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2021 L innocence perdue<\/em> (2011) Putain de mort<\/em> (Michael Herr m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2016) \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi FF Coppola \u2013 Apocalypse Now<\/em>– v\u00e0 Stanley Kubrick –Full Metal Jacket<\/em>-nh\u1eefng phim hay n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn…\u0110a s\u1ed1 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3i k\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 T\u1ea1 T\u1ef5, H\u00e0 Th\u00fac Sinh, Ho\u00e0ng Li\u00ean…v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ed1c Hoa, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00e2y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. Thi s\u0129 Tr\u1ea1ch G\u1ea7m l\u00e0 1 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a>\u00a0 Sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, sinh vi\u00ean du h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> V\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i xin \u0111\u1ecdc :<\/p>\n

https:\/\/centerforhealthjournalism.org\/our-work\/reporting\/benh-tam-ke-thu-vo-hinh-suot-nua-ky-cua-nguoi-goc-viet-ky-1<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/centerforhealthjournalism.org\/our-work\/reporting\/benh-tam-ke-thu-vo-hinh-suot-nua-ky-cua-nguoi-goc-viet-ky-2<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/centerforhealthjournalism.org\/our-work\/reporting\/benh-tam-ke-thu-vo-hinh-suot-nua-ky-cua-nguoi-goc-viet-ky-cuoi<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng khi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y tai nghe \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh ng\u1ee3i khen hay ch\u00ea bai n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1. B\u00eanh v\u1ef1c t\u1edbi tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eedi r\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn mini. C\u00f3 bu\u1ed3n vui l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n. Th\u00ec ra ti\u1ebfng bom \u0111\u1ea1n s\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0ng nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i khai chi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":1354,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[99,85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1339","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essay","category-current-issue"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1339","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1339"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1339\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1607,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1339\/revisions\/1607"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1339"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1339"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1339"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

C\u00e1c tranh\u00a0 ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n, ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh, gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u v.v\u2026 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u\u00a0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng hay ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1eb9[8]<\/a> nh\u01b0 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, bi quan, ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, lo \u00e2u, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef…\u0103n u\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i<\/em><\/strong>, m\u1ea5t ng\u1ee7, m\u1ed9ng m\u1ecb, bu\u00f4ng xu\u00f4i…th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n ti\u00eau hao \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c (burn out), \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129, nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m, nghi ng\u1edd, th\u01b0\u01a1ng gh\u00e9t b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng trong h\u00e0nh x\u1eed v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ganh t\u1ef5 hi\u1ec1m kh\u00edch khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n