{"id":1202,"date":"2026-03-20T21:29:37","date_gmt":"2026-03-20T21:29:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/?p=1202"},"modified":"2026-03-29T20:38:56","modified_gmt":"2026-03-29T20:38:56","slug":"hanh-phuc-gni-hay-gnh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/hanh-phuc-gni-hay-gnh\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac: GNI hay GNH? *"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #b52828;\"><em>C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1eeb \u0111i kh\u1ecfi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tr\u1eeb \u0111i n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #333399;\">(The end of law is to augment happiness. The general object which all laws have, or ought to have, in common, is to augment the total happiness of the community; and therefore, in the first place, to excude, as far as may be, every thing that tends to substract from that happiness, in other w\u01a1rds, to exclude mischief.)<\/span> &#8211;\u00a0 <strong>Jeremy Bentham<\/strong> (1748 &#8211; 1832)<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #b52828;\"><em> Ch\u00e1u h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 ch\u00e1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: H\u00e3y g\u1edf b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf m\u00e0 ch\u00e1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1edf b\u1ecf. M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00e1u th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, hay g\u1ec9\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n \u0111i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t m\u1ea7m vui h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 ch\u00e1u gieo r\u1eafc v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u00e1u s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong l\u00f2ng ch\u00e1u, trong khi m\u1ed7i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 ch\u00e1u nh\u1eb7t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u01a1i s\u00e2u k\u00edn c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00e1u.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><em><span style=\"color: #333399;\">(Create all the happiness you are able to create: remove all the misery you are able to remove. Every day will allow you to add something to the pleasure of others, or to disminish something of their pains.\u00a0 And for every grain of enjoyment you sow in the bosom of another, you shall find a harvest in your own bosom; while every sorrow which you pluck out from the thoughts and feeling of a fellow creature shall be replaced by beautiful peace and joy in the sanctuary of you soul.)<\/span> &#8211; <strong>Jeremy Bentham<\/strong> (1748 \u2013 1832)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1199\" src=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1472\" height=\"981\" srcset=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1.png 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1472px) 100vw, 1472px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c.\u00a0 M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u00f2i trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u00e0 \u1ea5m \u00e1p m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta xem l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c, hay \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac kh\u00e1ch s\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fac t\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng phu qua t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng vv. Trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi hay \u00fd \u0111\u1eb9p (Quotations) ti\u1ebfng Anh, \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ee5c Happiness chi\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u trang tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Democracy, Liberty.\u00a0 Trong m\u1ea5y th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua, H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kinh t\u1ebf gia h\u00e2n hoan ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0 G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, r\u1ed3i l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn \u0111i.<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 do tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Utilitarianism (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1i H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac) m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong Jeremy Bentham, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1i H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (overall utility).\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (1972) ch\u1ea1m m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ch\u1eef <em>utility<\/em> trong m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc Microeconomics.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Lu\u1eadt Khoa Saigon c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c Gia H\u00e0nh Ch\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y m\u00f4n Microeconomics, cho n\u00ean khi g\u1eb7p kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua, v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ecdn m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng A m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn m\u00f3n B v\u00ec m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng A mang l\u1ea1i cho anh ta nhi\u1ec1u utility h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft sau khi tra kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0i quy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn ngh\u0129a utility l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n\u201d (satisfaction) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e3i m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y Dictionary of Economics (xb b\u1edfi John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1998; c\u00f3 l\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1972) \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a utility l\u00e0 \u201cthe pleasure or satisfaction derived from an individual from being in a particular situation or from consuming goods or services\u201d.\u00a0 G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u1edf tu\u1ed5i ngo\u1ea1i b\u00e1t tu\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y <em>A Dictionary of Economics<\/em>, <em>5th edition<\/em> (do Oxford University Press xb n\u0103m 2017) cho r\u1eb1ng utility \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u201can l\u1ea1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u201d (a synonym of individual welfare). T\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y quen quen v\u1edbi 3 t\u1eeb H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac (Happiness), H\u00e0i L\u00f2ng V\u1edbi Cu\u1ed9c S\u1ed1ng (Life Satisfaction) v\u00e0 An L\u1ea1c (Welfare hay Well-Being). V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kinh t\u1ebf gia v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea7m c\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng 3 t\u1eeb thay th\u1ebf cho nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n. T\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0: \u201cAn L\u1ea1c Ch\u1ee7 Quan: \u00a0Thu Nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c Gia T\u1ed5ng G\u1ed9p hay H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac Qu\u1ed1c Gia T\u1ed5ng G\u1ed9p?\u201d (Subjective Well-being: Gross National Income or Gross National Happiness?) D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Si \u0110\u1ea1t Ta m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi ho\u00e0ng cung \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ebf gian b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 \u201cCh\u00ednh m\u1eaft quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 ch\u00e2n m\u1ecfi g\u1ed1i d\u00f9n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n \u0111au kh\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t th\u00e2y ma h\u00f4i th\u00fai v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7o s\u0129 nghi\u00eam trang kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh.\u00a0 Ba c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m [tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y] c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.\u00a0 H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thong dong t\u1eeb t\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tu s\u0129 tho\u00e1ng cho Ng\u00e0i h\u00e9 th\u1ea5y con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng an vui h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. B\u1ed1n quang c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u1ea5y th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u2026 s\u1edbm tho\u00e1t ly th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c.\u201d V\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u201cquy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eddi b\u1ecf cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ra \u0111i, t\u00ecm Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd v\u00e0 An T\u0129nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u1eedu.\u201d. (<em>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p do Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb The Buddha and His Teachings c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Narada Maha Thera; xb 2001<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1206\" src=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture1-300x75.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1160\" height=\"290\" srcset=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture1-300x75.png 300w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture1-768x192.png 768w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture1-18x5.png 18w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture1.png 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1160px) 100vw, 1160px\" \/>Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c sau n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u1edf ki\u1ebfp sau m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u00a0 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, lo \u00e2u, hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng (hallucination, delusion) m\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u.\u00a0 Nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ebft gia d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng suy t\u01b0\u1edfng mong \u0111em h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u00edt tri\u1ebft l\u00fd cao si\u00eau cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c.\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean, Jeremy Bentham c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u00e1t v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>Bentham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt gia, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn.\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e1 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 l\u1eadp d\u1ecb (eccentric). \u00a0\u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Theo A.C. Grayling, trong quy\u1ec3n <em>The History of Philosophy<\/em> (xb 2019), \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a David Hume (1715-71, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh) khi \u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng utility l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh (utility is the criterion of virtue); c\u1ee7a Claude H\u00e9vetius (1738-94, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p) khi \u00f4ng qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng utility h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u00fa vui hay \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra; v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Cesare Bonesa-Beccaria (1738-94, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd) khi \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ea3n sinh ra h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho con s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t\u201d (to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number) .\u00a0 Ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n <em>An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and<\/em> <em>Legislation<\/em> (xb l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1789), Bentham qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi 2 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c (sovereign masters): \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn (pain) v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui (pleasure). T\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ba tri\u1ebft gia tr\u00ean, Bentham \u0111\u01b0a ra nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 an l\u1ea1c (the princciple of utility, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 the greatest happiness principle hay the greatest felicity principle), theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc l\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m vui hay gi\u1ea3m \u0111i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d4ng h\u00f4 h\u00e0o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi m\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, hay t\u1ea1o \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c? \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd n\u00e0y, Bentham khuy\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m vui cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m vui cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c: mong sao ai \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap l\u1ea5y \u0111i b\u1edbt \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u00eam th\u1ee9 vui kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111i n\u1eefa!\u00a0 Nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m l\u00fd g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn d\u1ec5 kho\u00e9t s\u00e2u v\u00e0 dai \u0111\u1eb3ng, h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m vui l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y Bentham r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong hai tr\u00edch d\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0 Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n <em>An Introduction<\/em> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1789 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 tr\u00edch th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cho con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi (1832). Trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 n\u00e0y, H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, th\u00ec H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. \u00a0V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao t\u1ed5ng g\u1ed9p hay h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u2013ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n&#8211; cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 qu\u1eadn h\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c gia?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1207\" src=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture2-300x120.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1150\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture2-300x120.jpg 300w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture2-1024x410.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture2-768x307.jpg 768w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture2-18x7.jpg 18w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture2.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\" \/>\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Bentham d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u00e0nh 3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Daniel Nettle \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp (Introduction) c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n <em>Happiness: Classics and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy<\/em> (Oxford University Press xb 2008).\u00a0 <em>H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1<\/em> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 mang l\u1ea1i x\u00fac c\u1ea3m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, kh\u00f4ng xen l\u1eabn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui dung t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ee9 kho\u00e1i\u201d (\u0103n. ng\u1ee7, l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec7n).\u00a0 Lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i l\u00e2u.\u00a0 <em>H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2<\/em> g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui v\u1eeba mang l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1eeba xen l\u1eabn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh.\u00a0 <em>H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 3<\/em> l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y s\u00e1o t\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 Aristote g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>eudaimonia<\/em>. Qua nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 Bentham \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2.<\/p>\n<p>Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (rational), v\u00ec m\u00ecnh (seft-interested) cho n\u00ean m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a (maximize) h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\/th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n\/an l\u1ea1c (utility) cho m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Trong kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, utility \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf.\u00a0 L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n M, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh mua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00e0 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 vui v\u1ebb trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x1 gram c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 y2 gram tr\u00e0, ho\u1eb7c x2 gram c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 y2 gram tr\u00e0, ho\u1eb7c x3 gram c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 y3 gram tr\u00e0 vv.\u00a0 Tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb m\u00e0 ho\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 tung \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00e0, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m A, B, C \u2026 cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac tuy\u1ebfn U1 u\u1ed1n cong cong gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh hyperbol bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb utility c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0 Tr\u00ean kh\u00fac tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i \u0111a utility.\u00a0 N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n t\u0103ng th\u00eam utility th\u00ec c\u00e1c kh\u00fac tuy\u1ebfn cong cong U2, U3 \u2026 s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ph\u1ea3i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n.\u00a0 C\u00e1c kh\u00fac tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac tuy\u1ebfn trung l\u1eadp (indifferent curves), m\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i kh\u00fac tuy\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u g\u00f3i 2 m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n t\u1ed1i \u0111a.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 utility c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Utilitarianism cho r\u1eb1ng utility c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 utility c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a c\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y.\u00a0 Bentham \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng utility c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5).\u00a0 Theo \u00f4ng, \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (value) c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m vui hay \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n t\u00f9y theo b\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng sau \u0111\u00e2y: (1) t\u00ednh m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t (intensity), (2) d\u00e0i l\u00e2u (duration), (3) ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn (certainty or uncertainty), (4) g\u1ea7n hay xa (propinquity or remoteness).\u00a0 N\u1ebfu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n th\u00eam (5) h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 (fecundity).\u00a0 Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam (6) s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft (purity) v\u00e0 (7) ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng (extent).<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ni\u1ec1m vui hay \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. Do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Utilitarianism c\u1ee7a Bentham kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations<\/em> c\u1ee7a Adam Smith xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1776, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 n\u0103m 1808 gi\u1eefa Bentham v\u1edbi John Stuart Mill, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Anh, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m utility c\u0169ng gi\u00fap l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng cho nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u mang l\u1ea1i an l\u1ea1c:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Thu Nh\u1eadp (Income) =&gt; Ti\u00eau D\u00f9ng (consumption) =&gt; An L\u1ea1c (Utility)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Theo di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng thu nh\u1eadp c\u00e0ng cao, th\u00ec ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c\/ h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Bentham. V\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 thu nh\u00e2p cao h\u01a1n; lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u1ea7u duy tr\u00ec hay t\u0103ng th\u00eam thu nh\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 <em>Thu Nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c Gia T\u1ed5ng G\u1ed9p (Gross National Income, GNI)<\/em> c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 <em>Thu Nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c Gia T\u1ed5ng G\u1ed9p T\u1eebng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi (GNI per capita)<\/em> s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n sau.<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1eefa ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a\/d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a \u00fd th\u00edch, ni\u1ec1m vui, s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, an l\u1ea1c vv., n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i utility t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho m\u00ecnh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (rational), v\u00ec m\u00ecnh (self-intereste) v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a (maximize) l\u1ee3i \u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho utility mang l\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh.\u00a0\u00a0 Do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1edf th\u00edch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n (revealed preference). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 sau m\u00f4n\u00a0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 (behaviorist econonmics) cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trung th\u1ef1c hay ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1edf th\u00edch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu\u201d quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<p>Trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Utilitarianism l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u th\u00eam h\u01a1n.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00eam th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 Bentham l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.\u00a0 Jeremy Betham t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Oxford University, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n. Sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, x\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbp gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ngay \u1edf c\u1ed5ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb sinh vi\u00ean l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m \u0111i.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0y nay m\u1ed7i khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eddi t\u1edbi tham d\u1ef1!<\/p>\n<p>Cho t\u1edbi nay, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u00c2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi (The World Bank) v\u00e0 Qu\u1ef9 Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf (International Monetary Fund) \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n <em>The Wealth of Nations<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh.\u00a0 N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf chung. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng chung \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 <u>ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf GDP<\/u> quen thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>Gross National Income (GNI)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o \u201cb\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u00fac ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 l\u00fac y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ecbp l\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7p \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f4i khi b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i chao \u0111\u1ea3o; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u1ee7ng Ho\u1ea3ng Kinh T\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1929. B\u00e0n tay h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Franklin D. Roosevelt (T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 4 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a John M. Keynes (kinh t\u1ebf gia Anh, \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra World Bank v\u00e0 IMF n\u0103m 1944 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Bretton Woods) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p>Sau cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u1ee7ng Ho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean, Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1934 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edd kinh t\u1ebf gia Simon Kuznets gi\u00fap nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1eebng n\u00f3 qua s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n s\u1ed1 xe h\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t x\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5n than \u0111\u00e1, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa khai th\u00e1c vv. trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, GDP (vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Gross Domestic Product, S\u1ea3n L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1ed1c N\u1ed9i T\u1ed5ng G\u1ed9p) l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00ednh ra ti\u1ec1n theo gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1o n\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m.\u00a0 G\u1ecdi <em>\u201ct\u1ed5ng g\u1ed9p<\/em>\u201d v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eeb \u0111i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e1y m\u00f3c h\u01b0 hao, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng; g\u1ecdi \u201c<em>qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc; g\u1ecdi \u201c<em>s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d<\/em> v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0 D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c quen thu\u1ed9c trong kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4 (macroeconomics) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh GDP:<\/p>\n<p><strong>GDP = C + G +I + X \u2013 E<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3 C vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Consumption (ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng); G vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Government Expenditure (chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7); I vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Investment (\u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0); X l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 E l\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. GDP cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang c\u0169ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ef1c ra GDP c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trung th\u1ef1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia.\u00a0 N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111i l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p g\u00ec cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t y t\u00e1 \u0111i l\u00e0m \u1edf b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 \u1edf nh\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cha m\u1eb9 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf!<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i ra, ngay c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong GDP, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 t\u0103ng th\u00eam g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt t\u0103ng l\u00ean g\u1ea5p ba, hay s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bia t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 bia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mamg l\u1ea1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.\u00a0 C\u00f4ng chi qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng cho v\u0169 kh\u00ed, qu\u00e2n trang, qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 2% l\u00ean 5% GDP s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac?\u00a0 Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, GDP c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng (quality of life) t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, hay khi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00eam \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa GDP v\u00e0 GNI l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft GNI (Gross National Thu Nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c Gia T\u1ed5ng G\u1ed9p) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 GNP (Gross National Product, S\u1ea3n L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1ed1c Gia T\u1ed5ng G\u1ed9p).\u00a0 M\u00e0 GNP l\u00e0 g\u1ec9? GNP l\u00e0 GDP c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eeb \u0111i thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3i cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, GNP\/GNI c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp t\u1ed5ng g\u1ed9p cu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110em chia GNP n\u00e0y cho d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 Thu Nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c Gia T\u1ed5ng G\u1ed9p Tr\u00ean M\u1ed7i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi (GNI per capita). Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nay, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m The World Bank \u0111\u1ec1u cung c\u1ea5p GDP v\u00e0 GDP per capita; GNI v\u00e0 GNI c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chia c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0 \u0110a s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ta suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\/ an l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u00ean b\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf GDP hay GDP per capita \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u1ea7y \u1edf t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00f9ng GNI ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi GNH v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p>Ngay t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, khi \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u201cNational Income 1929 \u2013 35\u201d \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3, trong \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m GDP, kinh t\u1ebf gia Simon Kuznets c\u1ee7a University of Pennsylvania c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng: \u201cS\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3.\u201d (The welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measure of national income.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia Robert Kennedy trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed n\u0103m 1968 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u201cth\u00e0nh t\u00edch\u201d c\u1ee7a GDP nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o dao, s\u00fang, bom napalm, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 v\u0169 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c; nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng tin t\u1edbi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1, hay s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n.\u00a0 N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, GDP ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng (it measures everything in short, exept that which makes life worthwhile)<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, GDP m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ghi h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i an l\u1ea1c cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi!\u00a0 N\u00f3i chung, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 khi GDP c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u0103ng l\u00ean th\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u00eam.\u00a0 Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n mu\u1ed1n cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi hai c\u00e2u n\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe mang hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau.\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n mua ti\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d C\u00e2u kia l\u00e0 \u201cTi\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebf to\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 GDP\/GNP n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u201c<em>Ch\u1ec9 S\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n Nh\u00e2n B\u1ea3n<\/em>\u201d (Human Development Index) cho Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hay kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.\u00a0 Ho\u1eb7c \u201c<em>Ch\u1ec9 S\u1ed1 An L\u1ea1c Kinh T\u1ebf B\u1ec1n V\u1eefng<\/em>\u201d (Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare, ISEW) \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1edfi Herman Daly v\u00e0 John Cobb n\u0103m 1989 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i sinh.\u00a0 N\u00f3i chung, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn GDP\/GNI h\u01a1n l\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 in trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf <em>The Economist\/ Pocket World in Figure <\/em>xb n\u0103m 2021 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y v\u00e0o <u>n\u0103m 2018<\/u>, th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 th\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n<p><u>Qu\u1ed1c Gia<\/u>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <u>GDP<\/u>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<u>GDP<\/u>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <u>HDI<\/u>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<u>Happiness<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>per capita<\/u>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <u>per capita PPP<\/u>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <u>(Quality of Life)<\/u>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (<u>theo WHR)<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Ph\u1ea7n Lan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 20 ($50.152)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 27 (71,1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 12 (90,5)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 1<\/p>\n<p>Na Uy\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 7 ($81.697)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 13 (104,5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 1 (95,4)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a02<\/p>\n<p>Hoa K\u1ef3\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 14 ($62.795)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15 \u00a0(100,0)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15 (92,0)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 18<\/p>\n<p>Singapore\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 13 ( 64.582)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6 \u00a0(161,7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 9 (93,5)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 38<\/p>\n<p>Theo b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a World Happiness Report, Ph\u1ea7n Lan l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (c\u1ed9t 5). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 GDP per capita c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 20 v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 qui ra US$ l\u00e0 50.152; c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 GDP per capita PPP (c\u1ed9t 3) t\u1ee9c t\u00ednh theo t\u00ednh \u00a0m\u1ee9c m\u00e3i l\u1ef1c (purchasing power parity, PPP, m\u00e0 100 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n), th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 27. Theo ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 HDI (Human Development Index, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1edbi s\u1ed1 n\u0103m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd), th\u00ec Ph\u1ea7n Lan \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u1ea1ng 2, sau Na-Uy m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 70-79 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t cao r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>Gross National Happiness (GNH)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Bhutan<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1208\" src=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture3-300x188.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1159\" height=\"726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture3-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture3-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture3.jpg 576w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1159px) 100vw, 1159px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Bhutan, trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 ph\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>Photo credit: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailybhutan.com\/article\/traditional-costumes-of-bhutan-and-the-evolution-of-kira\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>https:\/\/www.dailybhutan.com\/article\/traditional-costumes-of-bhutan-and-the-evolution-of-kira<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em>Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn <strong>GNH<\/strong>, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Bhutan, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 GDP, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 GNH \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Bhutan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ecf, n\u1eb1m b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh 2 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn Trung Hoa v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u1ec9 38.400 km2, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi 800.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. GDP per capita n\u0103m 2015 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 US$ 2,719. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y th\u00ec xin \u0111\u1eebng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong quy\u1ec3n th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea nh\u1ecf The Economis\/Pocket World in Figures, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m, cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng cho \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d.\u00a0 C\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ngay \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u201ch\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1ecfng.\u00a0 N\u0103m 1972, Jigme Singye Wang Chuck, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Bhutan, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn S\u1ea3n L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1ed1c Gia T\u1ed5ng G\u1ed9p. T\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac Qu\u1ed1c Gia T\u1ed5ng G\u1ed9p.&#8221; (I am not interested so much in gross national product.\u00a0 I am interested in gross national happiness.\u201d (<em>The Washington Post<\/em>, Monday, October 2011, Section C).\u00a0 S\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Th\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970s \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eadp ni\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d (development decade) b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh t\u1ebf ng\u0169 ni\u00ean, t\u1ee9 ni\u00ean th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qui ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Hoa K\u1ef3, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00ec l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.\u00a0 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a vua Bhutan qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>H\u01a1n 4 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau, khi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1a cho quy\u1ec3n The Oxford Handbook of Happiness\u00a0 (hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh b\u1edfi S. David, H. Boniwell , A. Conley Ayers,\u00a0 xb n\u0103m 2013),\u00a0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m Jigme Khesar cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vua cha c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3\u00a0 xem GNH quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n GNP , v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng\u00a0 Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1 Tr\u1ecb (Development with Value) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m h\u1ecd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Bhutan\u2026\u00a0 Theo \u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ef1 do cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd b\u1edbt \u0111i ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh cao c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n (the greater good), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i.\u00a0 \u00d4ng qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng &#8212; c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111ang ki\u1ebfm t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Bhutan tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb. Theo b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean, th\u00ec khi chi\u1ebfc xe jeep \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Thimpu, v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00f9a ra ch\u1ea1y theo sau \u201ccon r\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebft th\u1edf\u201d n\u00e0y; truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1999 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u0103m 2008.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2, m\u1ea5t n\u1eeda ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn\u00a0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ng\u1ee7 ngh\u00ea, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n vv. Nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n thu th\u1eadp n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chinh s\u00e1ch mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Bhutan th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i theo 4 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t sau \u0111\u00e2y: b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, duy tr\u00ec v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i sinh v\u00e0 tr\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t (good governance). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f2n ra nhi\u1ec1u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i. (<em>Cultural Smart<\/em>! <em>Bhutan<\/em>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Karma Choden &amp; Dorji Wangchuck, xb2018). M\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp cho bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a GNH. Bhutan h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y du l\u1ecbch v\u00ec s\u1ee3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i sinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111em v\u00e0o th\u00f3i h\u01b0 t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u!\u00a0 Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1eb3n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n c\u01b0 d\u00e2n g\u1ed1c Nepal v\u00e0 Hindu v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1eeb x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 y ph\u1ee5c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n GNH l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ec9a mai GNH l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Gross National Harassment!<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng GNH c\u1ee7a Bhutan \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng \u00edt.\u00a0 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ecdn ng\u00e0y 20 March m\u1ed7i n\u0103m l\u00e0m Ng\u00e0y H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi (The World Happiness Day), b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2012. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m LHQ \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh World Happiness Report, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 n\u0103m 2012. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ngh\u1ecbch L\u00fd Easterlin<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Theo thi\u1ec3n \u00fd, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Bhutan tuy m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 GDP, ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\/an l\u1ea1c cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u201c<em>ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd Easterlin<\/em>\u201d \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i t\u00ecm \u201cc\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u1edbi\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.\u00a0 Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0: \u201cDoes Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1974 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i trong Happiness in Economics do ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh, xb n\u0103m 2002, m\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111ang tham kh\u1ea3o, Richard A. Easterlin, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i University of Pennsylvania, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong 19 qu\u1ed1c gia, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1eabn ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb sau Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn Hai.\u00a0 H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ee7 quan (subjective happiness) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t ra: Khi thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00eam trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n (t\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp t\u0103ng l\u00ean) th\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n.\u00a0 \u0110i\u00eau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<p>(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u0169ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n, th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3: Trong v\u00f2ng 50 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thu nh\u1eadp m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi (income per capita) c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam. Chi ti\u1ebft cho th\u1ea5y GDP per capita t\u0103ng l\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trung b\u00ecnh (average happiness) kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng theo: n\u00f3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, r\u1ed3i gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng trong 20 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1970 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c c\u0169 n\u0103m 1946. Kinh t\u1ebf gia Moses Abramovitz g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cNgh\u1ecbch L\u00fd Easterlin\u201d (Eaterlin Paradox) v\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quen d\u00f9ng. Ngh\u1ecbch\u00a0 L\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 Easterlin \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00eam nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Easterlin, thu nh\u1eadp tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (absolute income) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n.\u00a0 V\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, thu nh\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i (relative income) tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta so s\u00e1nh thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m v\u1edbi nhau.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c c\u0169 \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0 M\u1ee9c n\u00e0y trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cset point\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><strong>An L\u1ea1c\/H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac Ch\u1ee7 Quan<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1209\" src=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture4-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1152\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture4-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture4-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture4-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture4-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture4.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1152px) 100vw, 1152px\" \/><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac, kh\u00e1ch quan hay ch\u1ee7 quan?<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac m\u00e0 Easterlin ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 <em>H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ee7 quan (subjective happiness)<\/em> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n n\u00f3i ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan.\u00a0 Khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 ca s\u0129 tr\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1 tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i c\u00f4 ta tr\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac qu\u00e1. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee7 quan, nh\u01b0ng trong Khoa H\u1ecdc H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u00e1n cho c\u00f4 ca s\u0129 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00e1ch quan\u201d (objective happiness). C\u00f2n khi ch\u00ednh mi\u1ec7ng c\u00f4 ta n\u00f3i c\u00f4 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u201cr\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d, th\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 ta l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ee7 quan\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Utilitarianism tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng utility kh\u00f3 qu\u00e1!\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, khi Sir John Hicks, Lord Lionel Robbins v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng utility kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd n\u1eefa. (Happiness: A Revolutions in Economics. t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bruno S. Frey, xb 2010. Ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u201ch\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ee7 quan\u201d, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u00f3 v\u1ebb trung t\u00ednh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c<strong>An l\u1ea1c ch\u1ee7 quan\u201d (subjective well-being, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft SWB)<\/strong>.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft xin s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng SWB \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 subjective happiness m\u00e0 Easterlin \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<p>Xin l\u01b0u \u00fd qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng SWB l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng SWB (<em>Against Happiness, <\/em>do Owen Flaganagan v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c, xb n\u0103m 2003) ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t trong hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n<p><em>Theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/em>, <em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u201cN\u00f3i chung, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y n\u00f3i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/em> &#8212; R\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\/ Kh\u00e1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\/ Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong 3.\u00a0 Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00e2u tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n cho bi\u1ebft x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u \u201cB\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y cho bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u201ch\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n n\u00f3i: \u201cX\u00e9t chung v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y n\u00f3i b\u1ea1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ra sao?<\/em> Xin b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn trong t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u00f4, t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 0 l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 10 l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.\u201d.\u00a0 C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9 dung t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u1eefa, hay d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. N\u00f3i chung, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u1edf ph\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch, khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111au \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, b\u00e1c s\u0129 b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh g\u00ed\u00e1 trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 10, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn s\u1ed1 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn s\u1ed1 7, th\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 7, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 6 hay s\u1ed1 8. Trong 3 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trung th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t m\u1ee9c \u0111au c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eefng Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u Li\u00ean Ng\u00e0nh<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ngho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2008-2009, m\u00e0 GDP b\u1ecb xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nghi ph\u1ea1m \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh, T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p Nicol Sarkozy \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi kinh t\u1ebf gia Ph\u00e1p Jean \u2013 Paul Fitoussi c\u1ee7a\u00a0 Sciences Po,\u00a0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai kinh t\u1ebf gia M\u1ef9 Amartya Sen v\u00e0 Joseph E. Stiglitz (Ch\u1ee7 T\u1ecbch), \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel\u00a0 v\u1ec1 Kinh T\u1ebf,\u00a0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u00a0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cCommission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress\u201d\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u00a0h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i.\u00a0 \u1ee6y Ban n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c INSEE, UNDP, OECD, hay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Harvard University (Robert Putnam ng\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc), Princeton University (nh\u01b0 Alan B Krueger, Daniel Kahneman \u2013 ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh T\u1ebf 2002).\u00a0\u00a0 K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y Ban n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00fac tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u1ecfng t\u01b0\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 <em>Mismeasuring Our Lives: Why GDP Doesn\u2019t Add Up<\/em>\u201d (xb n\u0103m 2100).\u00a0 Trong L\u1eddi T\u1ef1a, T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cCh\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u1eeb phi ch\u00fang ta thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u2026. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ra \u2026 M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do m\u00e0 h\u00e2u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n (worse off) ngay c\u1ea3 khi GDP \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh\u00a0 h\u01a1n.\u201d (\u00f4ng tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Ph\u00fac Tr\u00ecnh).\u00a0 Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, T\u1ed5ng Th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft k\u00eau g\u1ecdi: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 gom s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thsy \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tu\u00e2n thu\u1eadn (conformatism), ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1211\" src=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture6-300x157.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1145\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture6-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture6-18x9.png 18w, https:\/\/1975mag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/hp-Picture6.png 548w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1145px) 100vw, 1145px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em>Worldwide levels of happiness as measured by the World Happiness Report (2024)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>Source:<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:World_Happiness_Report_2024.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:World_Happiness_Report_2024.png<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em>B\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a GDP v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0i khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh; k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng (quality of life) m\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi n\u00f4m na l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0 Theo thi\u1ec3n \u00fd, kh\u1ea3o h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn GDP theo m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n quan m\u1edbi.\u00a0 Ti\u1ebfp theo Ph\u00fac Tr\u00ecnh, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Jean-Paul Fioussi v\u00e0 th\u00eam Martin Durand \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u00eam \u201c<em>Measuring What Accounts: The Global Movement for Well-being\u201d<\/em> (xb n\u0103m 2019), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n quanh qu\u1ea9n v\u1edbi k\u1ebf to\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ebfn b\u1edd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 h\u1ecd theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t no \u1ea5m, ch\u1ed7 \u1edf an ninh, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n thanh th\u1ea3n th\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf gia n\u00e0y n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 m\u00f4n kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ecb c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 SWB c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cch\u1ee7 quan\u201d n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng an l\u1ea1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc,\u00a0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c theo d\u00f5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u00f3c (th\u00ed d\u1ee5 MRI) c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c men th\u00edch h\u1ee3p .<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh Khoa H\u1ecdc H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac (Science of Happiness).\u00a0 V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1c quan n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Richard Easterlin k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t <em>cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi H\u1ea0NH PH\u00daC! Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e3y ph\u1ea5t l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd GNH thay th\u1ebf cho ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd GDP. Nh\u01b0ng cho t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ee9ng ta th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n c\u0169ng nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ghi trong Ph\u00fac Tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a Nh\u00f3m Stiglitz, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n mang nhi\u1ec1u \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n\u201d h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a GDP, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n.\u00a0 Ngay c\u1ea3 GNH t\u1edbi nay c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 GDP. V\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang gi\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd GNH kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hay \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng.\u00a0 \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng du nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn bao gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t trung th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3?<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu l\u00e0 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n an l\u1ea1c tinh th\u1ea7n.\u00a0 T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u01b0ng m\u00f4n \u201ckinh bang t\u1ebf th\u1ebf\u201d hay \u201ckinh th\u1ebf t\u1ebf d\u00e2n\u201d n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. N\u1ebfu Paul Revere \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00eam c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean Ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00e2n l\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u2013 life, independenc\u1eb9, pursuit of happiness &#8212; th\u00ec li\u1ec7u kinh t\u1ebf gia Richard A. Easterlin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng khi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac? \u0110\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn m\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<p>(PS \u2013 N\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00e0i m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua.)<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>L\u00ea V\u0103n B\u1ec9nh<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><em>Virginia 7\/2025<\/em><\/p>\n<p>_____________________________________<\/p>\n<p>(<strong>*<\/strong>)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac v\u00e0 An L\u1ea1c, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c GDP (Gross Domestic Product) thay v\u00ec GNI (Gr\u01a1ss National Income) &#8211;c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n&#8211; \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia.\u00a0 T\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng GNI ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi GNH (Gross National Happiness) \u00a0m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, ch\u01b0a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>L\u00ea V\u0103n B\u1ec9nh<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>&#8211; T\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c Gia H\u00e0nh Ch\u00e1nh (\u0110\u1ed1c S\u1ef1 10 v\u00e0 Cao H\u1ecdc 2)\u00a0&amp; University of Southern California (MA in Econ., 1974)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>&#8211; Ch\u1ee7 B\u00fat Ho\u00e0i B\u00e3o Qu\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng (1999 &#8211; 2000)\u00a0&amp;\u00a0H\u00e0nh Ch\u00e1nh Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng (2002 &#8211; 2018)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1eeb \u0111i kh\u1ecfi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tr\u1eeb [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1199,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[103,87],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1202","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deep-dives","category-archive"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1202","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1202"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1202\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1260,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1202\/revisions\/1260"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1202"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1202"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1975mag.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1202"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}